Contrary to the view that gender is fluid, as concurred by several social scientists, in traditional Pakistani understanding, gender is seen in fixed binaries, i.e., either you are a man or a woman. The third category is known as the third gender in Pakistan. It is interesting to note that although gender is seen as fixed in Pakistani cultures, in informal discussions, varied shades of gender are highlighted by informants based on gender performativity. By drawing on the postmodern feminist theory of gender performativity, this paper does a discourse analysis of informant’s views about gender construction and dynamics in rural Sindh. Ethnographic fieldnotes have been used as primary data to analyze gender nuances implicit in Pakistani men's informal discourse. This paper argues that contrary to unchanging gender identities as endorsed by Pakistan society's patriarchal structure, men dismiss these fixed identities during an informal discussion. Instead, they shuffle gender identities by branding men and women as feminine men and masculine women, respectively, based on their gender performativity. We conclude that irrespective of physical outlook, the power lies in hegemonic forms of agency. Gender relationships and gender performance shape the sexual and gender identity of subjects.

This qualitative ethnographic study attempts to seek deep insides into the older construction Workers’ perceptions of problems generate due to construction work. This study involves 23 aged construction laborers from south Punjab. The data were generated through detailed face to face interviews with the participants. This study employs thematic analysis to draw insights from the gained perceptions through interviews. The four themes that emerged from the thematic analysis are: degradation of health due to construction work; laborers’ dissatisfaction with construction work; inconsistency of livelihood in construction work; and restricted socially active life due to construction work. This study recommends that future research should be focused on the comparative analysis of charter international labor rights and the organizational rules under which the construction labor works

Language plays a vital role in a person's identity construction. This research paper discusses how gender affects language and how responses vary from person to person while addressing the same issues. By drawing upon Cameron's Dominance Model, this research is aimed to present an analysis of variations in responses between male and female participants. It analyses how discourse differs when a group of female participants and a group of male participants talk on similar topics. This study is based on focused group interviews with a group of each gender on parental perceptions about the career of their children. Each group consists of 6-8 participants. Thematic analysis is used as an analytic technique to discover differences between male and female groups while sharing their perceptions. The paper found that gender discourse is shaped by socially dominated gendered norms which consequentially affect children’s careers choice. This research implies that females’ career options are based on the traditional conceptualization of career opportunities which don’t empower them. They also face unequal opportunities to express their opinions or use their voice in daily life decisions and conversations freely.

Shrine is a place that has religious, cultural, and political significance, especially in Pakistani society. People visit shrines regularly and perform various religious rituals for the pilgrimage of Sufi saints and fulfillment of their needs. This paper analyses the economic underpinnings of various rituals practiced at the shrine of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan. The interplay of religion and economy at shrines is a relatively under-discussed field of study. Drawing on my ethnographic fieldwork at the shrine of Shah Ruk-e-Alam, this study explores various ritualistic practices involving the exchange system, distribution, and reciprocity. For this research, I have focused on three groups of people who are involved in varied forms of exchange like reciprocity, redistribution, and market economy.This study concludes that there are multi-layered meanings of different religious economies performed at the Shrine of ShahRukn-e-Alam, which highlight the religification of commodities and commodification of religion at varied levels.

Managing classrooms is the central component of effective teaching and learning practices and, therefore, has always been the concern of teachers. The literature demonstrated that classroom management techniques are generally oriented either towards discipline or towards engaging students with learning. Teachers generally perceive classroom management techniques with an orientation either towards one or both, and these perceptions are likely to guide them about the way they manage their classrooms. In this context, the main intent of this research was to identify techniques that school teachers perceive as classroom management techniques (along with their orientation) and to examine the effectiveness of those techniques for supporting students’ learning. This research further examines gender differences among teachers related to these questions. This research used descriptive survey research design. The teachers in 190 elementary schools of district Dera Ghazi Khan served as population. Using cluster and stratified random sampling techniques, a sample of 406 elementary school teachers was selected. Of these 406teachers, 128 were female, and 278 were male. A questionnaire, adopted from Asiyai (2011), was employed as a research tool. The reliability of the tool was computed through Cronbach-Alpha coefficient, and validity was ensured by aligning items with research questions. It was found that teacher sightly believe that although both discipline- and engagement-oriented aspects of management can be perceived as classroom management techniques, both are also effective for students' learning