The identification of molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer metastasis has opened up new avenues towards their eradication and provides interesting opportunities for future research aimed at the development of novel targeted therapies.

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Metastatic colonization represents the final step of metastasis, and is the major cause of cancer mortality. Metastasis as an "inefficient" process requires the right population of tumor cells in a suitable microenvironment to form secondary tumors. Cancer stem cells are the only capable population of tumor cells to progress to overt metastasis. On the other hand, the occurrence of appropriate microenvironmental conditions within the target tissue would be critical for metastasis formation. Metastatic niche seems to be the specialized microenvironment to support tumor initiating cells at the distant organ. Master regulators not only determine cancer stem cell state, but also may have regulatory roles in metastatic niche elements. Meanwhile, both cancer stem cell and metastatic niche may function like two sides of the metastatic coin. Hypoxia inducible factors have multiple roles in regulation of both sides of this coin. TGF-β superfamily, also, have been considered as master regulators of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis and may play crucial roles in regulation of metastatic niche as well. In this regard, we hypothesize the presence of a possible emerging molecular pathway in the biological process of breast cancer metastasis. In this process, non-Smad TGF-β-induced metastasis connects cancer stem cell and metastatic niche formation through a central path, "Metastasis Pathway".

Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic autoimmune condition primarily prevalent in populations along the Mediterranean Sea. The exact etiology of BD has not been fully explained yet, but the disease occurrence is associated with a genetic factor, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51 antigen. Among the various immunodysfunctions that are found in BD, patients are increased neutrophil motility and superoxide production, as well as elevated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and decreased production of interleukin (IL)-10. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-17 in BD have been found associated with aberrant expression of microRNA. Gene polymorphisms in BD patients have been observed in molecules involved in responses to pathogens that can ultimately modulate the host antimicrobial response. Moreover, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported in genes encoding chemokines and adhesion molecules; many of these changes manifest as increases in vascular inflammation and vascular damage. Lastly, genetic and epigenetic changes have been suggested as involved in the pathogenesis of BD. Modifications in DNA methylation have been found in BD patient monocytes and lymphocytes, leading to adverse function of these cells. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of the literature with regard to the immunodysfunction underlying BD, as well as of the genetics, newly described clinical specifications and novel treatment strategies using immunomodulants based on the current understanding of BD.

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 300 women with a child aged 6 to 18 months, to determine the prevalence and determinants of domestic abuse against women in Jahrom; before, during and after pregnancy. The prevalence of abuse during pregnancy (42%) was lower than during the 1 year before pregnancy (51.7%) and after delivery (53.5%). The overall prevalence of emotional abuse, sexual abuse and physical abuse was 53.5%, 34.7% and 26.7% respectively. Abuse during any previous period was a strong risk factor for subsequent abuse. Other risk factors associated with abuse were: woman previously witnessing domestic violence, opium use by husband, woman's education ≤ 12 years, age at marriage of woman < 18 years, husband's education ≤ 12 years, woman's economic dependency and living in an extended family. Routine screening of abuse in maternity clinics should be considered. RÉSUMÉ Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale auprès de 300 femmes ayant un enfant âgé de 6 à 18 mois, afin de d'identifier la prévalence et les déterminants de la violence familiale exercée avant, pendant et après la grossesse à l'encontre de femmes résidant à Jahrom (République islamique d'Iran). Au cours de la grossesse, la prévalence de la violence était plus faible (42 %) qu'au cours de l'année précédant la grossesse (51,7 %) et qu'après l'accouchement (53,5 %). La prévalence globale de la violence psychologique, sexuelle et physique s'élevait à 53,5 %, 34,7 % et 26,7 %, respectivement. La violence durant toute période antérieure constituait un facteur de risque élevé de violence future. D'autres facteurs de risque étaient associés à la violence : femme ayant déjà assisté à des scènes de violence familiale, mari consommant de l'opium, femme instruite jusqu'à l'âge de 12 ans au maximum, femme mariée avant 18 ans, mari instruit jusqu'à l'âge de 12 ans au maximum, dépendance économique de la femme et vie dans une famille élargie. Un dépistage systématique de la violence lors des consultations en maternité devrait être envisagé. ‫املتوسط‬ ‫لرشق‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫املجلة‬ ‫عرش‬ ‫السادس‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫السابع‬ ‫العدد‬ 753