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This study offers a comprehensive literature review on the gaps related to online learning efficiency and a structured conceptual model. The findings would be favourable for the learners, lecturers, future researchers, universities and other educational institutes. This study has presented the results of a systematic literature review on the factors affecting the efficiency of online learning and how they impact on satisfaction and commitment of learners. To conduct the literature review, approximately 40 empirical studies were reviewed and analysed. The results reveal that several factors, including academic issues, accessibility issues, technological skills, mental well-being and lecturer commitment, impact depreciating the online learning efficiency, which has made a significant impact on learner satisfaction and learner commitment during the COVID-19 pandemic. If the pandemic would continue, the institutes can use the deliverables to figure out the difficulties encountered by the learners during the pandemic, how to prevent those issues and to search for a solution: to re-open the universities following necessary health guidelines or to resume delivering education online. The literature evaluates the impact of online learning efficiency on learners’ satisfaction and commitment, and there are no adequate empirical studies available for testing the online learning efficiency with respect to learners’ satisfaction and commitment. Hence, in identifying several gaps related to online learning efficiency, this study offers a new structured conceptual model.

Following hurricanes, there can be increases in exacerbations of chronic diseases, such as asthma. Asthma is common among children, and many asthma exacerbations can be prevented. This systematic literature review assessed literature describing the impact of hurricanes on children with asthma in the United States. Medline, Embase, Global Health, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language articles published January 1990 to June 2019 that described the effect of a hurricane on children with asthma. This search identified 212 articles; 8 met inclusion criteria. All 8 were related to Hurricane Katrina, but research questions and study design varied. Articles included information on asthma after hurricanes from cross-sectional surveys, retrospective chart review, and objective clinical testing. Four articles described discontinuity in health insurance, asthma-related health care, or asthma medication use; and 3 articles examined the relationship between mold exposure and asthma symptoms and reported varying results. The eighth study quantified the burden of asthma among people visiting mobile medical units but did not describe factors associated with asthma symptoms. These results highlight opportunities for future research (eg, on more recent hurricanes) and disaster preparedness planning (eg, strategies to prevent health-care discontinuity among children with asthma).