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BackgroundThe dysfunction of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is one of the plausible hypotheses for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is located on chromosome 8p, as suggested by multiple linkage studies. The aim of this study is to clarify the contribution of polymorphisms of the neuregulin 1 (NRG1) with schizophreniaMethodsAfter informed consent was obtained, 100 schizophrenia patients and 100 control subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were administered the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) (National Institute of Mental Health-Molecular Genetics Initiative, 1992; Nurnberger et al., 1994) by a research assistant with extensive training in this interview. Blood samples were collected in anonymously identified 10-ml Vacutainer tubes (Becton Dickinson). DNA was prepared by a modified SDS/Proteinase K procedure (Gusells et al., 1979). We genotyped polymorphism neuregulin 1 (NRG1) with the PCR-RFLP methods. The PCR products were digested by restricted enzyme.ResultsWe observed a significant association between the polymorphism neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and the schizophrenia (Chi-Square Test P= 0.0449).DiscussionThe NRG1gene was originally identified as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia by using a combination of a linkage and association approaches based on microsatellite markers and then using SNPs after microsatellite at risk haplotypes were identified. We found there is the frequency of the polymorphism of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) was significantly increased in schizophrenia patients. This allelic association suggests that the functional polymorphism neuregulin 1 (NRG1) may play a role in susceptibility to schizophrenia. Further study with larger sample sizes is required.

BackgroundIn humans, opioidergic neurotransmission appears to modulate a variety of behaviors, including the stress response and cognitive processes, as well as anxiety and psychosis. One neurobiological process which may be modified by the Asn40Asp polymorphism of the μ opioid receptor is the HPA axis response to stress. Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons, which affects glucocorticoid release by stimulating pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion, are directly and indirectly inhibited by β-endorphin-producing neurons via the μ opioid receptor (OPRM). Both exaggerated and blunted HPA responses to stress have been associated with high risk for psychosis. Many studies have suggested that opioids play an important role in response to stress, motivation, and numerous psychiatric entities. The present association study tested the hypothesis that the Asn40Asp substitution polymorphism confers susceptibility to schizophrenia.MethodsAfter informed consent was obtained, 100 schizophrenia patients and 100 control subjects were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNAs were extracted from peripheral blood by using the modified SDS/Proteinase K procedure. The genotypes of the Asn40Asp polymorphism of the μ opioid receptor were assessed by allele-specific polymerase - chain reaction. The PCR products were digested by restricted enzyme.ResultsThe frequency of the Asp40 allele was significantly increased in all schizophrenia patients (Fisher’s Exact Test P= 0.0118). There were no associations the Asn40Asp polymorphism of the μ opioid receptor with substance dependence among schizophrenia patients and normal control.DiscussionThe opioidergic neurotransmitter system plays an important role in regulating activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Initial activation of the HPA axis occurs at the level of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, where neurons that produce corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) are located [Bell et al., 1998]. CRF neurons in this area express μ-opioid receptors and are under tonic inhibition by neurons of the arcuate nucleus that contains β-endorphin [Wand et al., 1998]. Genetic factors appear to be important modulators of HPA axis activation. The HPA axis appears to be involved, including the normal stress response [Bond et al., 1998; LaForge et al., 2000] and psychosis in which HPA axis dynamics appear to be abnormal. Similarly, there is growing evidence that altered opioidergic neurotransmission and HPA axis dynamics may affect alcohol- and drug-seeking behaviors [Piazza and Le Moal, 1997; Kreek and Koob, 1998].