No abstract

60Bulbar is defined in Dorland's Medical Dictionary as "pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata". Thus, examination of the bulbar system pertains to examination of the function of lower cranial nerves originated from the medulla oblongata, i.e. 9th to 12th cranial nerves.Asymmetry of structure (atrophy), persistent movement at rest (fasciculation and tremor), with movement (deviation and tremor), and absence or impaired reflex activities are the usual clinical observations interpreted as indicative of pathology in clinical examination of the bulbar system. There is considerable range of normality in the function of the bulbar structure particularly among the elderly in the healthy population. For ABSTRACT: Background and Objectives: There is lack of published data on bulbar signs among the healthy population. This study aims to determine the range of normality of bulbar signs particularly among the elderly. Methods: Systemic examination of bulbar signs was carried out according to a predetermined protocol on a cohort of young and elderly healthy subjects. Results: A total of 206 subjects were recruited in the study, 104 young adults with mean age of 20 years, and 102 elderly with mean age of 73 years. Uvula deviation was seen in 28 (26.9%) young subjects and 22 (21.6%) elderly. Irregular tongue border was seen in 17 subjects, unilateral in 4 subjects. Fourteen (6.8%) subjects had deviation on tongue protrusion. Occasional tremor of tongue on protrusion is common in both young and old. Persistent (severe) tongue tremor on protrusion was seen in 18.6% of the elderly, and 4.8% of the young. None of the subjects had tremor of tongue at rest. In gag reflex, absence of gagging response was common in elderly, seen in two thirds of the subjects on stimulation of the posterior pharyngeal wall. However, all the subjects had uvular movement. Habituation or suppression of gagging response was seen in close to 90% of young males. Conclusion: There is wide range of normality in bulbar signs in normal population, particularly among the elderly. RÉSUMÉ: Signes bulbaires dans la population normale. Contexte et objectifs :Il n'existe pas de données dans la littérature sur la présence de signes bulbaires dans la population en bonne santé. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer les limites de la normale concernant la présence de signes bulbaires, particulièrement chez les gens âgés. Méthodes : Nous avons examiné systématiquement une cohorte de sujets jeunes et de sujets âgés en bonne santé pour détecter des signes bulbaires selon un protocole prédéterminé. Résultats : Nous avons recruté 206 sujets, soit 104 jeunes adultes dont l'âge moyen était de 20 ans et 102 sujets âgés dont l'âge moyen était de 73 ans. Une déviation de la luette a été observée chez 28 sujets jeunes (26,9%) et chez 22 sujets âgés (21,6%) ; le bord de la langue était irrégulier chez 17 sujets et c'était unilatéral chez 4 ; 14 sujets (6,8%) avaient une déviation de la langue à la protraction ; un tremblement occasionnel de la langue à la protraction es...

Malaysia, with its rapidly growing economy, exemplifies the tensions between conservation and development faced by many tropical nations. Here we present the results of a multi-stakeholder engagement exercise conducted to (1) define conservation priorities in Peninsular Malaysia and (2) explore differences in perceptions among and within stakeholder groups (i.e. government, academia, NGOs and the private sector). Our data collection involved two workshops and two online surveys where participants identified seven general conservation themes and ranked the top five priority issues within each theme. The themes were: (1) policy and management, (2) legislation and enforcement, (3) finance and resource allocation, (4) knowledge,

Understanding the relationship between humans and elephants is of particular interest for reducing conflict and encouraging coexistence. This paper reviews the ecological relationship between humans and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the rainforests of the Malay Peninsula, examining the extent of differentiation of spatio-temporal and trophic niches. We highlight the strategies that people and elephants use to partition an overlapping fundamental niche. When elephants are present, forest-dwelling people often build above-the-ground shelters; and when people are present, elephants avoid open areas during the day. People are able to access several foods that are out of reach of elephants or inedible; for example, people use water to leach poisons from tubers of wild yams, use blowpipes to kill arboreal game, and climb trees to access honey. We discuss how the transition to agriculture affected the human–elephant relationship by increasing the potential for competition. We conclude that the traditional foraging cultures of the Malay Peninsula are compatible with wildlife conservation.