Corn seedlings release large amounts of terpenoid volatiles after they have been fed upon by caterpillars. Artificially damaged seedlings do not release these volatiles in significant amounts unless oral secretions from the caterpillars are applied to the damaged sites. Undamaged leaves, whether or not they are treated with oral secretions, do not release detectable amounts of the terpenoids. Females of the parasitic wasp Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) learn to take advantage of those plant-produced volatiles to locate hosts when exposed to these volatiles in association with hosts or host by-products. The terpenoids may be produced in defense against herbivores but may also serve a secondary function in attracting the natural enemies of these herbivores.

Plants under attack by arthropod herbivores often emit volatile compounds from their leaves that attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Here we report the first identification of an insect-induced belowground plant signal, (E )-b-caryophyllene, which strongly attracts an entomopathogenic nematode. Maize roots release this sesquiterpene in response to feeding by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a maize pest that is currently invading Europe. Most North American maize lines do not release (E )-b-caryophyllene, whereas European lines and the wild maize ancestor, teosinte, readily do so in response to D. v. virgifera attack. This difference was consistent with striking differences in the attractiveness of representative lines in the laboratory. Field experiments showed a fivefold higher nematode infection rate of D. v. virgifera larvae on a maize variety that produces the signal than on a variety that does not, whereas spiking the soil near the latter variety with authentic (E)-b-caryophyllene decreased the emergence of adult D. v. virgifera to less than half. North American maize lines must have lost the signal during the breeding process. Development of new varieties that release the attractant in adequate amounts should help enhance the efficacy of nematodes as biological control agents against root pests like D. v. virgifera.Plants are not simply passive victims of attacking herbivores; they have evolved an arsenal of physical and chemical defences to protect themselves. Often these defences are mobilized only in response to herbivory 1,2 . Among the proposed inducible defences is the production and release of volatile chemicals that could serve as signals to attract natural enemies of the herbivores [3][4][5] . Manipulating these signals can help increase the effectiveness of these natural enemies as control agents [6][7][8] . The induced emission of chemical signals is not limited solely to aboveground plant parts. The entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis was found to be attracted to exudates emitted by plant roots after damage by weevil larvae 9,10 , but the nature of the attractants involved is unknown. Here we show that maize roots damaged by larvae of the economically important coleopteran pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte are attractive to entomopathogenic nematodes, and we identify the chemical compound responsible for the attraction. D. v. virgifera or Western corn rootworm (WCR) is a voracious pest of maize that is responsible for the use of the bulk of pesticides applied in the cultivation of this crop in the USA 11 . The recent introduction and rapid spread of WCR into Europe has caused major concern for maize production on this continent and has stimulated the search for new methods of maize protection 12,13 . The use of nematodes to control WCR is an ecologically sound option 14,15 , especially if researchers can optimize their efficacy at finding and killing WCR. Attraction of nematodes by WCR-damaged rootsTo determine whether or not WCR-infested maiz...

Attempts to obtain the cr?,stal structure of ODCase 24. Usng the dfference n the pK, of acetc acd and maonc acd to estmate the effect of a GO,-group, pK, tuning so that the catalytic proton transare underway (c. ~a r i e r , persona commun~cat~on) we est~mate the pK, of protonated orotate to be fer to 0 -4 can occur, and a perfectly placed 12 J. A. Smey and M. E. Jones, Biochemistry 31.-1.5. 121 62 (1 992). 25. J. A. Dean, n Lange's Handbook of Chemistry lysine effect "lat Uansfer 0-4' 13.