Construct: The MUSIC ® Inventory measures the construct of academic motivation across five factors: empowerment, usefulness, success, interest, and caring. The factors are defined in terms of the degree the student perceives that they have control over their environment, that the coursework is useful to their future, that they can succeed in the course, that the course and instructional methods are interesting, and that the teacher cares about their wellbeing and their success respectively. Background: A valid measure of medical students' academic motivation would provide medical teachers with a method for evaluating the motivational aspect of their course, and provide focus for changes in teaching and learning to improve medical student engagement. While the MUSIC ® Inventory structure has been validated in the tertiary setting and with several professional programs, it has not been validated with medical students. The aim of this study was to use both classical test theory and Rasch modelling to assess the reliability and confirm the structure of the five-factor model of the MUSIC ® Inventory with medical students.Approach: 152 medical students completed the 26-item inventory. Descriptive statistics, internal consistency, correlations between factors, confirmatory factor analysis, and Rasch analysis using the rating scale model were performed to determine reliability and validity.Findings: The five factors showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.87 -0.92). Correlations between factors were moderate to high (r=.38 -.89). Confirmatory factor analysis highlighted inconsistencies in factor loadings of three of the items hypothesized to measure interest. Rasch analysis using the rating scale model showed that all items for each factor had good item fit (0.65 -1.37). Person separation (2.28 -2.85) and reliability (.84 -.91) scores indicated that the scales were able to differentiate different levels of respondents. Item separation (2.25 -6.97) and reliability scores (.83 -.98) indicated that the items of the scales were being differentiated by the respondents.Conclusions: Rasch analysis indicates that the five factors of academic motivation measured by the MUSIC ® Inventory account for the response patterns in data from medical students. However, while the factors of empowerment, usefulness, success, and caring showed expected reliability and validity using classical analysis, three of the interest items cross-loaded on to the usefulness factor. Possible reasons may include ambiguity of language for the items or medical students' conception of usefulness and interest. Future research will explore medical students' understanding of the language used to measure these factors in further detail.

Background To realize the potential for mobile learning in clinical skills acquisition, medical students and their teachers should be able to evaluate the value of an app to support student learning of clinical skills. To our knowledge, there is currently no rubric for evaluation of quality or value that is specific for apps to support medical student learning. Such a rubric might assist students to be more confident in using apps to support their learning. Objective The objective of this study was to develop an instrument that can be used by health professional educators to rate the value of a mobile app to support health professional student learning. Methods Using the literature, we developed a list of potential criteria for the evaluation of educational app value, which were then refined with a student group using a modified nominal group technique. The refined list was organized into themes, and the initial rubric, Mobile App Rubric for Learning (MARuL, version 1), was developed. iOS and Android app stores were searched for clinical skills apps that met our inclusion criteria. After the 2 reviewers were trained and the item descriptions were refined (version 2), a random sample of 10 included apps, 5 for each mobile operating system, was reviewed. Interitem and interrater analyses and discussions with the reviewers resulted in refinement of MARuL to version 3. The reviewers completed a review of 41 clinical skills mobile apps, and a second round of interitem and interrater reliability testing was performed, leading to version 4 of the MARuL. Results Students identified 28 items (from an initial set of 144 possible items) during the nominal group phase, and these were then grouped into 4 themes: teaching and learning, user centered, professional, and usability. Testing and refinement with reviewers reduced the list to 26 items. Internal consistency for MARuL was excellent (α=.96), and the interrater reliability as measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was good (ICC=0.66). Conclusions MARuL offers a fast and user-friendly method for teachers to select valuable apps to enhance student learning.

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ContextTechnology is being introduced, used and studied in almost all areas of health professions education (HPE), often with a claim of making HPE better in one way or another. However, it remains unclear if technology has driven real change in HPE. In this article, we seek to develop an understanding of the transformative capacity of learning technology in HPE.Methods and OutcomesWe first consider the wider scholarship highlighting the intersection between technology and pedagogy, articulating what is meant by transformation and the role of learning technology in driving educational transformation. We then undertake a synthesis of the current high visibility HPE‐focused research. We sampled the literature in two ways—for the five highest impact factor health professional education journals over the past decade and for all PubMed indexed journals for the last 3 years—and categorised the extant research against the Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition model. We found that the majority of research we sampled focussed on substituting or augmenting learning through technology, with relatively few studies using technology to modify or redefine what HPE is through the use of technology. Of more concern was the lack of theoretical justification for pedagogical improvement, including transformation, underpinning the majority of studies.ConclusionsWhile all kinds of technology use in learning have their place, the next step for HPE is the robust use of technology aiming to lead transformation. This should be guided by transformational educational theory and aligned with pedagogical context. We challenge HPE practitioners and scholars to work thoughtfully and with intent to enable transformation in education for future health professionals.

Background Recent technological developments have influenced a shift in the use of videos in Health Professions Education (HPE). Rather than casting students in the role of observers of videos, educators have been asking students to produce videos as a learning activity. The assumption is that video production is often an active and collaborative exercise, therefore could engage students and enhance learning. However, applications of this emerging pedagogical approach vary, and there has not been a knowledge synthesis to guide future research and practice. Methods With a view to mapping existing knowledge, identifying avenues for further research, and informing practice, we conducted a scoping review to establish current understanding of video production in HPE. We undertook a literature search of seven databases and identified thirty-six studies. Results The findings showed considerable variation in purposes and implementation approaches, consequences and challenges associated with video production. In particular, the assumption that creating a video automatically promotes student engagement was not well supported, especially when the intended learning was not made apparent to students. Conclusion Overall, the review suggests that despite the increasing adoption of video production in HPE, the purposes are often unclear; pedagogical considerations underlying project design are limited, which risks undermining the intended learning. To optimise educational benefits, future video production projects should be explicit in their intention and approach, draw upon pedagogical theories, anticipate and address implementation issues, and be robust in their formative and summative assessment processes. Future research should more explicitly show the relationship between the intended learning and the underlying pedagogy and thoroughly evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of video production projects.