Objective: To evaluate the association of tumor budding (TB) with prognostic histomorphological parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to investigate the correlation of TB intensity with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Material and Method: A total of 200 cases diagnosed as OSCC were selected and their TB status was reviewed using Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlation with histomorphological prognostic parameters was done. Also, IHC for Vimentin and E-cadherin was performed to look for EMT. Results: On H and E examination, TB was observed in 154/200 (77%). About 88/154 (57.14%) cases showed a high TB (>5 TB/10 hpf) which increased to 100/154 (64.9%) cases on IHC staining. The intensity of TB was significantly associated with tumor grade and depth of invasion. It was also significantly associated with reduced expression for E-Cadherin and upregulation of Vimentin establishing a pathogenetic correlation between the TB and EMT. Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggest that TB is associated with poor prognosis and histologically represents EMT in OSCC which further adds to the aggressiveness of the tumor.

Microcystic/Reticular Schwannoma [MRS] is a rare histological variant of Schwannoma which has been reported to mainly affect the gastrointestinal tract. Few cases involving soft tissue and various visceral and salivary glands have also been reported. However, MRS involving the spine is extremely rare with only two cases reported till date. Hereby, we present a case of Microcystic/Reticular schwannoma in a middle aged female who presented with complaints of pain and numbness in both legs. MRI findings were suggestive of an intradural extramedullary neoplasm. Diagnosis of MRS was made based on the typical histopathological features and Immunohistochemical positivity for S100. MRS is a variant of Schwannoma, which differs from the conventional Schwannoma in several aspects. Raising awareness regarding this variant is essential to the budding pathologists to prevent their misdiagnosis.

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Objective: To study and correlate PDL-1 expression with Tumour budding and Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Colorectal Carcinoma. Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is third most common cancer with a high mortality. Many attempts have been made to raise overall survival of CRC patients. The immune system plays an important role in clearing the unhealthy cancer cells. Programmed death 1 (PD1) is a regulatory molecule which dampens the immune response when bound to one of its complementary ligands (PDL1). Its expression is related to the response of immunotherapy in CRC treatment which has been exploited in recent times. However, its prognostic value is still controversial, and the distribution of PD-L1 on tumour Cells or Immune Cells has not been comprehensively analysed. Method: A total of 30 patients diagnosed with CRCs were included who underwent surgical intervention. Cases who took preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy were excluded. IHC analyses of PDL1 was done and was correlated with tumour budding and Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and statistical significance was assessed. Results: 11 cases showed low bud count at the invasive front out of which only 3 cases showed PDL1 positivity. The rest 19 cases had high bud count out of which 18 were PDL 1 positive. This difference was highly significant (p = 0.002). In Low Bud / High TILs, 75% cases showed no PDL1 expression in tumour cells, whereas 62.5% cases showed PDL1 positivity in TILs whereas in High Bud / Low TILs group, all the cases (100%) showed PDL1 expression in tumour cells whereas only 75% cases showed PDL1 positivity in TILs, again being statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: This study showed an inverse correlation between PDL1 in tumour buds and immune cells, thus emphasising the role of tumour microenvironment. Our study reiterates the fact that high expression of PDL1 in tumour cells suppresses antitumor response whereas its high expression in TILS correlates with a better prognosis.

Purpose The extant literature emphasizes that the perspective of bricolage is significantly augmenting the core of entrepreneurship research, and, per se, it has made considerable contributions to understanding resource mobilization and organizational processes in entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurial bricolage literature lacks a unified and holistic conceptual framework that could represent a coherence of diverse bricolage forms and their related capabilities in entrepreneurship. To address this issue, this study aims to develop a comprehensive typology framework of entrepreneurial bricolage based on the theoretical synthesis of the prior research. Design/methodology/approach By comparing and synthesizing the existing bricolage forms into a holistic and persistent typology, the authors present an integrated framework of 13 bricolage capabilities that contributes to resource acquisition and resource mobilization as well as facilitate the entrepreneurial processes of opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation in firms. Findings The study synthesizes a wide array of research on entrepreneurial bricolage for shaping the resource acquisition and resource mobilization processes in entrepreneurial ventures and presents a typology-based framework for further discussion and research. By mapping the existing research and relevant dimensions into a typology-based entrepreneurial bricolage framework, the study extends and contributes to the current theorizing and conceptual building. Research limitations/implications The study would help practitioners and researchers to recognize bricolage capabilities and the common ties among them, leading to further advances in entrepreneurship theory and practice. Originality/value As the body of knowledge regarding entrepreneurial bricolage has grown, so has the number of its different forms, concepts and constructs. The authors recognize that there is distinctiveness as well as overlaps among diverse forms, concepts and constructs of entrepreneurial bricolage. Further, the authors identify a new bricolage capability that has not until now been positioned in the extant frameworks.