Vibrio is a genus of bacteria belonging to the family Vibrionaceae and is of epidemiological importance. This organism is commonly found in aquatic environments and is associated with water and food-related infectious disease outbreaks of public health concern globally. About 85% of presumptive isolates recovered from fish and fish storage water collected from major markets in Okitipupa and Igbokoda areas of Ondo State, Nigeria were confirmed as Vibrio species via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques with the Vibrio-specific 16S rRNA gene as a target. Primers for 0mpW and toxR genes were used to identify V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus respectively. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 12 antibiotics belonging to 8 classes. The prevalence of Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus was 3.9% and 12.5% respectively. Vibrio spp. obtained in this study showed resistance to Meropenem (88.3%), Cefotaxime (81.3%), Ceftazidime (79.7%), Cefuroxime (78.1%), Tetracycline (54.7), Vancomycin (38.3%), Ceftriaxone (26.6%), Cotrimoxazole (21.9), Chloramphenicol (18%), Ciprofloxacin (12.5%), Amikacin (10.9%) and Gentamicin (6.2%). Vibrio species obtained from both sampled sites showed the highest susceptibility to Gentamicin (93.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistant Index (MARI) observed among the Vibrio species ranged from 0.25 and 0.83. This study revealed high incidence of multi-drug resistant Vibrio spp in the fish sold in these major markets, which suggests antimicrobial abuse in the study area. We concluded that the consumption of this aquaculture produce without proper processing and the discharge of the storage water into the environment without treatment pose a public and environmental health threat respectively.

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Considerable time and funding have been committed to tackling nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in agricultural and urban watersheds . Notwithstanding all these efforts, the water quality in many AUWs has not significantly improved. Diffuse nutrient pollution involves the movement of these pollutants between soil and water. Excessive diffuse pollution has been accepted as one of the main causes of failure to attain favorable environmental conditions in freshwater systems. Recently, several technologies and practices have been implemented to manage diffuse pollution, namely: a) source reduction, b) pollutant retention over the movement process; c) nutrient recycling, and d) purification and restoration of the eutrophic water bodies. This paper synthesized the existing knowledge of key methods to tackle diffuse pollution from AUWs. Furthermore, the predominant purification mechanisms and impacting factors are explored, allowing a comprehensive and critical understanding of different control strategies to improve the management of diffuse pollution. Therefore, potential approaches for strengthening the performance of control technologies for diffuse pollution treatment and remediation are discussed. Although adopting source reduction strategies (e.g., the “4R” approach: right rate, right time, right source, and right placement of nutrients) could efficiently decrease surface runoff and pollutant levels, they may not stop runoff from entering nearby streams. Consequently, comprehensive treatment of agricultural runoff still requires extra process retention strategies. Overall, the findings of this paper showed that treatment system design and operational and environmental factors played crucial but variable roles in diffuse pollution treatment. Moreover, the results showed that combining or integrating constructed wetlands with other control technologies could enhance the comprehensive purification of diffuse pollution compared to using a single method. This review proposes a systematic approach for diffuse pollution control based on three components (water, soil and microbiota) and maximizing the regulating services of agroecosystems via land use/cover types. The current review contributes to the documentation of existing research trends. It sheds light on diffuse pollution control approaches in AUWs, and further encourages the development of this vital field.

Antibacterial activities of different fractions obtained from crude methanolic extracts of Allium sativum and Garcinia kola and their time kill assay were investigated individually and in combined form.

Introduction the continuous generation of wastewater and its release into the environment with little or no treatment remains a threat to the environment and public health. We examined the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Vibrio species isolated from untreated wastewater samples from Ondo State Specialist Hospital Okitipupa, Nigeria, as part of the global efforts to provide information for containing the spread of resistant infections. Methods twelve hospital wastewater samples were collected aseptically and transported to the laboratory for analysis. The samples were processed on thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar and colonies typical of Vibrio species were selected for further identification. All isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Vibrio-specific primers and the PCR products were sequenced for species identification. The susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results twenty-nine (58%) of 38 presumptive isolates were confirmed as Vibrio by PCR, while 23 (60.5%) isolates were screened up to species level by sequencing. Six different species following the trend: 26.1% V. fortis and V. algivorus, 17.4% V. cholerae, 13.0% V. panuliri, 8.7% V. stylophorae and V. parahaemolyticus were identified. The isolates were commonly resistant (73.9%-91.3%) to doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and meropenem. The least resistance rate (17.4%) was observed against amikacin and cotrimoxazole. All isolates were multidrug-resistant, with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices exceeding the 0.2 recommended limit. Conclusion this study has shown that untreated hospital wastewater is a reservoir for diverse strains of multiply resistant Vibrio species. Therefore, it is essential to adequately treat hospital wastewater to eliminate these emerging pollutants and set up a monitoring scheme to evaluate the treatment plants' effectiveness to reduce the pollutants' impact on the environment and the population.