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The increase of reaction resistance caused by bubble nucleation and longtime growth on the surface of the photoelectrode is an important factor that leads to the low efficiency of photoelectrochemical...

The issue of increased reaction resistance due to bubble growth has always been a major bottleneck limiting the efficiency improvement of photoelectrochemical water splitting. In this study, we developed a synchronized measurement system with a micro-high-speed camera and an electrochemical workstation to observe oxygen bubble evolution on the surface of a fixed TiO2 film electrode in situ. The intrinsic relationship between the nucleation and growth of oxygen bubbles and photocurrent at different pH values (1.0–13.0) was investigated. The results indicate that higher pH can promote bubble nucleation at lower potentials. Additionally, increasing pH from 1.0 to 13.0 at 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl, the photocurrent in the bubble growth stage increases by about 35 times, and the average period of bubble growth decreases by about 15 times. Compared with pH = 9.0, the gas production rates of pH = 1.0 and pH = 13.0 are improved by 13 times and 22 times at 0.71 V vs RHE, respectively. Then, we developed a force balance model for oxygen bubbles at the anode surface, and the predicted bubble detachment diameters are in good agreement with the experimental results. The Marangoni force induced by the nonuniform distribution of dissolved oxygen was found to be increased with pH, which leads to the larger detachment diameter of bubbles. The results show that the strong alkali environment is an effective means to remove oxygen bubbles from the surface of the photoelectrode.

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