Before the CETSCALE can be used as a measure of consumer ethnocentrism on an international basis, it is necessary to assess its validity and reliability in as many countries and different conditions as possible. In this sense, the main purpose of this paper is to validate the CETSCALE as a measure of Spanish consumers' ethnocentric tendencies. This was achieved by means of confirmatory factor analysis. We adopted a competing models strategy. Initially, two alternative models were formulated: a single-factor model and a two-factor model. Since both models equally fit the empirical data and after carrying out an in-depth analysis of the estimated parameters, we considered a third model with two uncorrelated factors. After estimating this new model, the goodness-of-fit indices indicated a poor fit compared to the one-factor model, therefore proving that the scale measures a unidimensional construct and that the measurement error is quite acceptable.

There is great uncertainty regarding the potential of environmental attributes in improving brand attitude. This study analyzes the relative importance of the ecological attribute when other attributes referring to the functional performance of the brand are taken into account. In addition to this, we put forward an experimental design to check the effectiveness of environmental labels in evaluating the environmental attribute and in reducing the uncertainty concerning said evaluation. Our study ratifies the presence of a positive effect of environmental associations on brand attitude, though this effect is lower than that of other functional attributes. We also demonstrate that using independent certifications strengthens beliefs in the product's ecological performance. In the light of the results, using environmental associations certified by independent bodies is recommended. This would help improve both brand attitude and brand equity. However, a greater effort is needed to ensure that the consumer is capable of recognizing environmental labels.

Abstract. In the process of coding open-ended questions, the evaluation of interjudge reliability is a critical issue. In this paper, using real data, the behavior of three coefficients of reliability among coders, Cohen's K, Krippendorff's α and Perreault and Leigh's I r are patterned, in terms of the number of judges involved and the categories of answer defined. The outcome underlines the importance of both variables in the valuations of interjudge reliability, as well as the higher adequacy of Perreault and Leigh's I r and Krippendorff's α for marketing and opinion research.

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Looking at the impact of society on the environment or, as we write this manuscript in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis, the scenes of consumers hoarding products, we wonder if consumers really do exhibit socially responsible consumer behaviors (SRCB). An initial literature review showed that few studies have addressed this issue, which creates opportunities for the development of new research lines. Furthermore, no study had examined the conceptual evolution or whether SRCB is a developed or fragmented theme from an exhaustive compilation of all previous academic research. To address the proposed research questions, we conducted a bibliometric analysis applied to a corpus of manuscripts on SRCB indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) bibliographic database, from its inception in 1991 up to 2019. Co-word analysis provided a structure of conceptual sub-domains classified based on their density and centrality. In addition, thematic networks were extracted that showed the important associations between the main issues that the SRCB community has addressed, which enabled the authors to examine the subject’s intellectual structuring over almost three decades. The findings showed that the research, over time, has focused most on corporate social responsibility (CSR), this being a motor theme between 2013 and 2016. In general, SRCB has been a very fragmented field of study, however in the last three years, it has developed into a distinct entity; in the past, it was basically addressed through CSR. The most productive thematic areas during the last 30 years have been: (a) Research into consumer attitude, (b) research on CSR, and (c) research on social and sustainable consumption behavior. In response to calls for greater theoretical clarification of the SRCB discipline, the authors providing experts and novices with a better understanding of the current state of the art and suggest future research directions.