Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus (CDI) is due to deficient synthesis or secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin peptide (AVP). It is clinically characterised by polydipsia and polyuria (urine output > 30 mL/kg/day) of dilute urine (< 250 mOsm/L). It is the result of a defect in one of more sites involving the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, median eminence of the hypothalamus, infundibulum or the posterior pituitary gland. A focused MRI pituitary gland or sella protocol is essential. There are several neuroimaging correlates and causes of CDI, illustrated in this review. The most common causes are benign or malignant neoplasms of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (25%), surgery (20%), head trauma (16%) or familial causes (10%). No cause is identified in up to 30% of cases. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis is crucial when evaluating a patient with CDI. Establishing the aetiology of CDI with MRI in combination with clinical and biochemical assessment facilitates appropriate targeted treatment. The aim of the pictorial review is to illustrate the wide variety of causes of CDI on neuroimaging, highlight the optimal MRI protocol and to revise the detailed neuroanatomy and neurophysiology required to interpret these studies.

• Axillary ultrasound +/- sampling is an essential technique in preoperative axillary staging. • Axillary ultrasound findings correlate with final histological axillary node disease burden. • Axillary ultrasound can help triage patients who require axillary lymph node dissection. • The role of axillary ultrasound in breast cancer staging continues to evolve.

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Musculoskeletal radiology's role in the recent and continued evolution of sports medicine is an exciting and expanding one. In this article we explore a variety of the ways that musculoskeletal radiology contributes to current practices in modern sports medicine, discussing advances across a variety of imaging modalities in the care of both elite athletes and so-called weekend warriors. We describe the technical and ethical factors pertaining to image-guided therapeutic intervention in athletes and speculate on the potential for future developments in the role of imaging in deciding when an athlete may return to participation. We also explore the recent shift to the delivery of imaging facilities at sporting events and in stadiums.