ATP is released in a vesicular manner from nerve terminals mainly at higher stimulation frequencies. There is a robust expression of ATP (P2) receptors in the brain, but their role is primarily unknown. We report that ATP analogs biphasically modulate the evoked release of glutamate from purified nerve terminals of the rat hippocampus, the facilitation being mediated by P2X 1 , P2X 2/3 , and

The neuromodulator adenosine can be released as such, mainly activating inhibitory A 1 receptors, or formed from released ATP, preferentially activating facilitatory A 2A receptors. We tested if changes in extracellular adenosine metabolism paralleled changes in A 1 /A 2A receptor neuromodulation in the aged rat hippocampus. The evoked release and extracellular catabolism of ATP were 49±55% lower in aged rats, but ecto-5 H -nucleotidase activity, which forms adenosine, was 5-fold higher whereas adenosine uptake was decreased by 50% in aged rats. The evoked extracellular adenosine accumulation was 30% greater in aged rats and there was a greater contribution of the ecto-nucleotidase pathway and a lower contribution of adenosine transporters for extracellular adenosine formation in nerve terminals.Interestingly, a supramaximal concentration of an A 1 receptor agonist, N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine (250 nM) was less ef®cient in inhibiting (17% in old versus 34% in young) and A 2A receptor activation with 30 nM CGS21680 was more ef®cient in facilitating (63% in old versus no effect in young) acetylcholine release from hippocampal slices of aged compared with young rats. The parallel changes in the metabolic sources of extracellular adenosine and A 1 /A 2A receptor neuromodulation in aged rats further strengthens the idea that different metabolic sources of extracellular adenosine are designed to preferentially activate different adenosine receptor subtypes.

Adenosine and arachidonate (AA) fulfil opposite modulatory roles, arachidonate facilitating and adenosine inhibiting cellular responses. To understand if there is an inter-play between these two neuromodulatory systems, we investigated the effect of AA on extracellular adenosine metabolism in hippocampal nerve terminals. AA (30 M) facilitated by 67% adenosine evoked release and by 45% ATP evoked release. These effects were not significantly modified upon blockade of lipooxygenase or cyclooxygenase and were attenuated (52-61%) by the protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine (6 M).

No abstract