Background: Impaired heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise testing is considered a predictor of cardiovascular mortality as it reflects vagus nerve dysfunction. Objective: To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and HR recovery after exercise. Methods: We analyzed the records of 2443 patients of both sexes, aged between 20 and 59 years, in sinus rhythm, not using negative chronotropic agents and with no myocardial ischemic response to exercise testing carried out at a specialist clinic, between 2005 and 2011. BMI was categorized as normal (18.5---<25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25---≤30 kg/m 2 ) or obese (>30 kg/m 2 ). The different BMI groups were compared in terms of HR recovery after exercise, which was calculated as the difference between maximum HR during exercise and in the first minute of recovery. Recovery was considered impaired when the difference was ≤12 bpm. Results: Eighty-seven (3.6%) patients presented impaired recovery, which was three times more prevalent in the obese group and twice as prevalent in the overweight group compared with the normal group (p<0.001 and p=0.010, respectively). Obese patients presented higher basal HR and lower maximum HR, as well as reduced chronotropic reserve (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, impaired HR recovery was associated with overweight (relative risk [RR]=1.8; p=0.035), obesity (RR=2; p=0.016), number of metabolic equivalents (RR=0.82; p<0.001) and resting HR (RR=1.05; p<0.001). The hazard ratio for hypertension was 2 (p=0.083, NS). Conclusion: Impaired HR recovery was associated with higher BMI, demonstrating that obese individuals present vagus nerve dysfunction. Relação entre a frequência cardíaca de recuperação após teste ergométrico e índice de massa corpórea ResumoFundamento: Declínio atenuado da frequência cardíaca após teste ergométrico é considerado preditor de mortalidade cardiovascular, por refletir disfunção autonômica vagal. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e recuperação da frequência cardíaca após teste ergométrico. Métodos: Foram incluídos registros de 2.443 pacientes de ambos os sexos, entre 20-59 anos, em ritmo sinusal, sem uso de cronotrópicos negativos e sem resposta isquêmica miocárdica ao teste ergométrico realizado em clínica especializada, entre 2005-2011. O IMC foi categorizado como: normal (18,5 kg/m 2 30 kg/m 2 ). A recuperação da frequência cardíaca após esforço, obtida pela diferença entre a máxima no esforço e no 1. • minuto da recuperação, foi comparada entre grupos de IMC. Foi considerada atenuada quando ≤12 bpm. Resultados: Oitenta e sete (3,6%) pacientes registraram recuperação atenuada, sendo três vezes maior no grupo de obesos e duas vezes no de sobrepeso, quando comparados ao grupo adequado (p<0,001, p=0,010, respectivamente). Obesos apresentaram maior frequência cardíaca basal e menor máxima, além de menor reserva cronotrópica (p<0,001). Na análise multivariada, identificou-se influência dessa atenuação po...

Impaired HR recovery was associated with higher BMI, demonstrating that obese individuals present vagus nerve dysfunction.

RESUMO   Este estudo apresenta resultados de pesquisa realizada sobre o desenvolvimento da gerontologia educacional brasileira, através de uma abordagem metodológica interdisciplinar. O referencial teórico está baseado em uma revisão sistemática da literatura disponível. Obtive os dados em pesquisas realizadas entre 2000 e 2019, sobre essa temática, inclusive, usando meios online: Portal da Capes, do INEP, do MEC, e do IBGE, Plataforma Lattes, Domínio Público, Revistas Científicas, etc. Constato que a gerontologia educacional brasileira, em suas três áreas majoritárias de atuação, se encontra em um estado embrionário de desenvolvimento. Concluo que, a permanecer a gerontologia educacional brasileira nesse estado embrionário de desenvolvimento, dificilmente, o (a) velho(a) brasileiro(a) construirá o seu empoderamento e tampouco serão construídos a solidariedade intergeracional e um envelhecimento populacional digno.   Palavras-chaves: Gerontologia Educacional; Educação; Velho(a); Estado Embrionário de Desenvolvimento.     ABSTRACT   This article presents the results of a research by means of interdisciplinary approach on the causes and consequences of the incipient state of the development of Brazilian educational gerontology, in its three main areas of application. A systemic review of the available literature yielded the theoretical background. I obtained the material here between 2000 and 2019, including online sources: portals of the Capes, INEP, MEC, IBGE, the Lattes platform, Domínio Público, scientific journals, etc. I conclude that some of the causes of the incipient state of the main three areas of Brazilian educational gerontology can be found in the lack of a national educational policy directed towards the Brazilian elderly population, as well as in the lack of any education on aging and in the lack of any specific education of professionals who are responsible for the several modes of elderly formal education. Several consequences result: the formal education offered to the elderly does not correspond to their educational needs; “myths” and stereotypes about old age, the elderly and aging are not questioned; preconceptions and discrimination about the elderly population continue; there is no professionalization of  educational gerontology. In conclusion, educational gerontology, with its three main areas, is a necessity and exigency in contemporary societies in order to confront a rapidly ageing population. It is needed for the elaboration and implementation of public policies for the elderly as well as for the creation of specific educational policies that contribute to the empowerment of the elderly Brazilian person.   Keywords: Educational Gerontology; Education; Elderly; Incipient State of Development.