The rapid increase in vehicular activities in the past two centuries contributes vastly to air pollution levels. In as much as Social interactions and economic growth are well enhanced by vehicular transportation in many developing countries, it is unfortunate that exhausts from vehicles contribute immensely to ambient air quality especially in the urban areas. The concentrations of carbon monoxides (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in selected roadsides in Jalingo have been assessed. Four roads were used as sample locations where the concentration of CO2 and CO were measured using an air quality meter for four weeks. The mean concentration of CO2 and CO obtained were respectively as follows: 542.25 ppm and 7.49 ppm for the roadblock, 540.05 ppm and 5.55 ppm for Hammaruwa way, 598.81 ppm and 17.42 ppm for market road, and 463.80 ppm and 1.08 ppm for Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) road (control). Based on the acceptable limit of CO2 (600 ppm), the Roadblock road, Hammaruwa way, and the NLC/control road are safe. Only the market road had value that exceeded the acceptable limit, and it may be attributed to high vehicular activities on the roadsides. Therefore, more alternative roads should be constructed in other to minimize traffic congestion and also, the use of nose masks should be encouraged. For the CO, all the sites are safe because they fall within the acceptable level of CO (1-70 ppm).

<p>According to the principle of general covariance, the laws of physics are the same in all reference frames. The controversial theory of the Varying Speed of Light (VSL) contradicts the principle of general covariance. Fortunately the VLS theory explains some crucial issues in cosmology such as Lorentz variance, biometric theories, locally Lorentz variance, cosmological constant problem, horizon<em> </em>and flatness<em> </em>problems. Also, recent astronomical observations from quasar show that the fine structural constant depends on redshift and therefore, varies with cosmological time. In other to harness this fascinating and published knowledge, two models where used in this work.  1. Cosmology with variables c; here the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) is used in the Einstein field equation with variable c and Λ terms to obtain the scale factor, which shows the continuous exponential expansion of the universe. 2. Variation of the speed of light as a function of the scale factor of the universe; here we obtained: a good approximation to estimate the current age of the universe. The scale factor of the universe depends its content given by the equation of state parameter ω. We obtained the deceleration parameter in terms of the Hubble parameter. We arrived at a conclusion that the universe was decelerating at ω = 1, accelerating at ω = 1/3 and the Hubble parameter diverges at the beginning and end of the universe.</p>

There are limits recommended for environmental noise and occupational noise by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Standardization Organization (ISO). Therefore, noise levels were assessed in four different schools in Jalingo, the capital of Taraba State using a Lutron sound level meter, model SL -4030. The aim of the study was to compare noise levels in the schools with the limits recommended by WHO and ISO, so as to make appropriate recommendations in case of undesirable results. The ANOVA statistical tool was used to demonstrate that the noise levels differ in the classrooms and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) statistics was used to show the significance of the variation of noise levels in the classrooms as suggested by the ANOVA. The mean equivalent noise levels (Leq (dB(A)) varied considerably above WHO recommended limits in classrooms. In the classrooms across all the schools, noise levels were within satisfactory range (61-75 dB(A)). This range however, exceeds the recommended noise limits in classrooms (35-55 dB(A)). Meanwhile, the control sample locations had mean noise level within the good range (41-60 dB(A)). It was also observed that at the control sites, mean noise levels were within the range recommended for classrooms during lessons. Higher noise levels than the endorsed limits by the WHO in the classrooms across all the schools are justifiable by so many factors such as: proximity to busy roads, students -Teacher's activities and perhaps some acoustical reasons. Interestingly, the control of noise pollution in these schools to meet the international recommended standards is much possible if the recommendations from this study are obeyed.