Average faces were created from 3D photographs, and the facial morphological differences between populations and genders were compared. African-American males had a more prominent upper forehead and periocular region, wider alar base and more protrusive lips. Caucasian-American males showed a more prominent nasal tip and malar area. African-American females had broader face, wider alar base and more protrusive lips. Caucasian-American females showed a more prominent chin point, malar region and lower forehead.

No abstract

Objectives: To determine the effect of Clinpro 5000, Clinpro Tooth Crème, and MI-Paste Plus on the formation of white spot lesions in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Three prospective groups with 40 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in each group were evaluated (total recruitment = 120 subjects). The selected product was brushed on for 2 minutes twice daily for 4 months. Subjects were reviewed for 4 months on a monthly basis. The Enamel Decalcification Index (EDI) was used to determine the number of white spot lesions per surface at each visit. Results: 100 subjects (35 using Clinpro 5000, 32 using Clinpro Tooth Crème, and 33 using MI Paste Plus) completed the study. The data lend strong support for Clinpro 5000 providing superior protection against enamel decalcification when compared to Clinpro Crème, and mixed support when compared to MI Paste Plus. Conclusions: The use of Clinpro 5000, Clinpro Crème, and MI paste Plus all have a reduction effect on white spot lesions when compared to studies reported previously. Clinpro 5000 has a marginally better effect than the two other test pastes. The results of this study can be used by clinicians when deciding the effectiveness of using fluoride dentifrice products to prevent white spot lesions in their orthodontic practice (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03440996).

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to identify how different types of orthodontic interventions affect the esthetics of the smile, any time after orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: A systematic search of the literature was carried out using 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source) that included articles until October 2017. Randomized and non-randomized controlled clinical trials, case–control observational studies, and cohort and cross-sectional studies with validated data collection and/or follow-up periods reporting on orthodontic interventions that changed the smile any time after orthodontic treatment were part of the study protocol. Only studies that were published in the English language and those that had human patients of any age and gender who underwent orthodontic treatment were included. Results: A total of 814 articles were found and 9 of them were included (7 cohort and 2 cross-sectional studies). Among the selected articles, 8 stated the type of orthodontic intervention used during treatment and 1 did not specify the intervention. Eight articles were judged of moderate risk and 1 had high risk of bias. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment affects the esthetics of the smile in three dimensions. There was slight evidence that extractions do not affect the smile width and buccal corridors area. Evidence on palatal expansion was controversial. The remaining existing data evidence that investigated smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment was uncertain. Therefore, more validated, evidence-based studies are needed.

Objective: It has been reported that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function after orthognathic surgery differs from normal patients. Dysfunction of the joints occurs often even in the general public, with an incidence in the range of 20%–25%. Population-based studies among adults report that approximately 10%–15% have symptoms of pain and 5% of them had a perceived need for treatment. To date, no studies have reported on the evaluation of TMJ function after orthognathic surgery through the use of four-dimensional jaw tracking. Design and setting: This study evaluated TMJ function using such a device and information from a TMJ questionnaire. Sixteen orthognathic surgery patients and 17 controls were included in this study. Four-dimensional jaw tracking information was obtained using the SiCAT JMT device. Clinical signs and jaw function were evaluated. Results: Within the limitations of the study, the following results were seen using the SICAT JMT+ jaw tracking device: (1) no significant differences were found in any of the millimetric measurements between the surgery patients and controls; (2) no significant difference was found in subjective reported symptoms of pain, clicking, crepitation, locking, stiffness, headaches and migraines between the groups; and (3)there was a significant difference in the popping of the joints for surgery and non-surgery groups. Conclusion: Jaw tracking did not detect significant differences in jaw function, but some clinical symptoms were present.