The present study investigated gender differences in the prevalence and incidence of violence-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) among justice-involved individuals, as well as potential associations between violence-related TBI and select biopsychosocial variables among women in the sample. Data from 409 justice-involved individuals were analyzed, and men and women were compared for rate of violence-related TBI. Women were grouped by violence-related TBI history and compared on eight biopsychosocial variables. Gender was significantly associated with multiple TBIs and multiple violence-related TBIs. History of violence-related TBI in women was associated with physical health problems and incarceration history. This research revealed a high rate of violence-related multiple TBIs among justice-involved women. Violence-related TBIs were associated with more prevalent physical illness and increased incarceration times. Identification of justice-involved women with these injuries may help clinicians better tailor services to improve inmate outcomes and reduce cost burdens to justice systems.

Hancock (2014) recently examined how graduate students' religious values can conflict with providing clinical services to potential and actual lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Students' beliefs, when opposed to multicultural training and provision of culturally competent clinical services, are being argued in the American judicial system. The author agrees that there is a need for academic training programs to address both the graduate students' and clients' religious and/or spiritual beliefs and practices, sexual orientation, and gender diversity. Suggestions for curriculum and course content additions are provided.

In this article, we underscore some of the cultural challenges and limitations of the evidence-based psychotherapy (EBP) utilised within the USA with the hope that these problems will be avoided or ameliorated in Australia and other countries. Although the EBP research is very diverse and complex, we categorise this fast-growing literature using a threefold classification system that underscores culture. This classification system is proposed to examine the influence of culture on EBPs. The three categories used are (a) universal evidence-based psychotherapies or universal psychotherapies, (b) race and ethnic minority evidence-based psychotherapies or racial/ethnic psychotherapies, and (c) cultural evidence-based psychotherapies or cultural psychotherapies. After each category is described, its benefits and limitations are discussed, emphasising implications for culturally diverse and international studies. We conclude with suggestions to promote the advancement of a more effective and inclusive cultural EBP in which researchers from different countries can collaborate and learn from each other.

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