Bovine manure, with or without added Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (three strains), was incorporated into silty clay loam (SCL) and loamy sand (LS) soil beds (53-by 114-cm surface area, 17.5 cm deep) and maintained in two controlled-environment chambers. The S. enterica serovar Typhimurium inoculum was 4 to 5 log CFU/g in manure-fertilized soil. The conditions in the two environmental chambers, each containing inoculated and uninoculated beds of manure-fertilized soil, simulated daily average Madison, Wis., weather conditions (hourly temperatures, rainfall, daylight, and humidity) for a 1 March or a 1 June manure application and subsequent vegetable growing seasons ending 9 August or 28 September, respectively. Core soil samples were taken biweekly from both inoculated and uninoculated soil beds in each chamber. Radishes, arugula, and carrots were planted in soil beds, thinned, and harvested. Soils, thinned vegetables, and harvested vegetables were analyzed for S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli (indigenous in manure). After the 1 March manure application, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected at low levels in both soils on 31 May, but not on vegetables planted 1 May and harvested 12 July from either soil. After the 1 June manure application, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected in SCL soil on 7 September and on radishes and arugula planted in SCL soil on 15 August and harvested on 27 September. In LS soil, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium died at a similar rate (P > 0.05) after the 1 June manure application and was less often detected on arugula and radishes harvested from this soil compared to the SCL soil. Pathogen levels on vegetables were decreased by washing. Manure application in cool (daily average maximum temperature of <10°C) spring conditions is recommended to ensure that harvested vegetables are not contaminated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Manure application under warmer (daily average maximum temperature >20°C) summer conditions is not recommended when vegetable planting is done between the time of manure application and late summer. A late fall manure application will not increase the risk of contaminating vegetables planted the next spring, since further experiments showed that repeated freeze-thaw cycles were detrimental to the survival of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and E. coli in manure-fertilized soil. The number of indigenous E. coli in soil was never significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, suggesting its usefulness as an indicator organism for evaluating the risk of vegetable contamination with manure-borne S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.

Leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g,), carboxylation efficiency, and foliar nonstructural carbohydrates were measured on mature, field-grown Vitis vlnffera L. (cv Thompson Seedless) vines that had been trunk girdled, sprayed with gibberellic acid, or both, shortly after anthesis. Girdling reduced A, g9, and carboxylatfon efficiency when measured 2 weeks after imposition of the treatments. Diumal measurements indicated that A of girdled vines was less than that of control vines between 1000 and 1800 hours. Gibberellic acid mitigated the depressing effect of girdling on g. during the same diumal measurements. The concentrations of foliar carbohydrates were greatest for the girdled vines, followed by the combination treatment and were lowest for the control vines. Foliar carbohydrates were greater for girdled vines 4 weeks after the treatments were imposed, however, by this time there was no significant difference in A between the control and girdled vines. Two and 4 weeks after the experiment was initiated root carbohydrate concentrations were less for the girdled vines when compared to the control vines. The data indicate that the reduction in A of girdled grapevines is not associated with the accumulation of leaf nonstructural carbohydrates following the girdling treatment.Alteration of the plant's source/sink relationships commonly occurs in the production of perennial horticultural crops. This is especially true for the production of seedless table grapes in California. Cultural practices used for table grape production include the use of GA3 sprays at anthesis which reduces the number of flowers that set and then an additional GA3 spray shortly thereafter which will increase berry size. Trunk girdling (the removal of a ring of phloem) also is utilized shortly after anthesis to increase berry size or later in the season to enhance fruit maturity (earlier berry coloration or accumulation of sugar). Other practices include the removal ofentire clusters or portions ofindividual clusters which will increase the size of remaining berries. Many times girdling and GA3 sprays are used together shortly after anthesis as they have a synergistic effect on increasing berry size (9). These types of results indicate that the grapevine would be an excellent system in which to study the effects of source/sink '

No abstract

The effect of fruiting on carbon fixation and retention in leaves was monitored by measuring net photosynthesis (Pn) and total non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC) on a seasonal basis on mature fruiting and non‐fruiting sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L. cv. Bing). Pn was also measured diurnally during stages II and III of fruit development. Pn rates increased to between 18 and 20 mg CO2 dm‐2 h‐1 during stage II of fruit development and were maintained until harvest. Diurnally, Pn increased in the morning to 20 mg CO2 dm‐2 h‐1 and this rate continued until sunset. Leaf carbohydrate levels decreased in both fruiting and non‐fruiting trees beginning at the equivalent of stage II of fruit growth. Carbohydrates were lower in leaves and woody portions of current, 1‐ and 2‐year‐old shoots of fruiting trees. Although differences were found in levels of non‐structural carbohydrates, no differences in Pn were found in fruiting vs non‐fruiting plants on either a seasonal or a diurnal basis. Pn rates in swet cherry in the field were primarily affected by ontogeny and environment and not by sink strength.

`Searles' (low yielding) and `Stevens' (high yielding) cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) tissues were collected in 1990 and 1991 to determine the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in above-ground (uprights, woody stems) and below-ground tissue. Uprights had the highest total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration, followed by woody stems, while below-ground tissue contained the lowest TNC concentration. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in uprights increased early in the season, reached a maximum in late May, decreased as flowering approached, and remained low from late June to late August. The latter period corresponds to flowering, fruit set, floral initiation, and fruit development stages. In late August, when fruit were full size, TNC levels increased, reaching highest concentration in November as the plants were entering dormancy. Most TNC increase in the early season and the subsequent decrease were due to changes in starch. The increase of TNC late in the season was primarily due to increases in soluble carbohydrates. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was greater in vegetative than fruiting uprights for the entire growing season. The lower TNC concentration in fruiting than vegetative uprights during flowering and fruit set was due to greater starch depletion in fruiting uprights. Seasonal changes in TNC in the two cultivars were similar; however, `Stevens' had generally higher TNC concentration and total dry weight as well as more fruiting uprights, fruit, and fruit weight per ground area. The low TNC concentration observed during fruit set and development suggests that the demands for carbohydrates are highest during that period and supports the hypothesis that competition for carbohydrate resources is one factor responsible for low cranberry fruit set.