A strategy for the production of water stable pillared-layer MOFs in less toxic solvents and potentially in large amounts.

seen as colored even at low concentrations and they block sunlight from reaching the bulk of the affected water, thereby disturbing the photosynthetic activity. It also lessens the concentration of dissolved oxygen required by organisms in water streams. The biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of the water body will therefore be high. [5] There are different ways to get rid of dyes from the affected wastewater; adsorption, [6] flocculation-coagulation, [7] membrane filtration, and biological treatment. [8] However, most of these processes simply transfer the pollutants from one to another medium causing secondary pollution. Photocatalysis, using semiconductors, is one of the oxidation processes that can effectively remove dyes by converting them into the water and carbon dioxide. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes is advantageous over adsorption in that no further treatment is required to eliminate the organics. [9] The photocatalytic reaction is based on Photo driven electron-hole pair generation: the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO, the VB) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO, the CB). [10] Under the light of sufficient frequency irradiation, the electrons (e − ) in the VB excite to the vacant CB leaving the holes (h + ) behind in the VB. [11] The adsorbed oxygen (O 2 ) can accept e − to form superoxide radicals anions ( • O 2 − ) (O 2 + e − → ( • O 2

An electrochemical sensor based on polyaniline-ZnOÀ NiO (PANI-ZnOÀ NiO) nanocomposite was developed for the non-enzymatic detection of malathion. The structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the as-prepared nanocomposite were studied by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the nanocomposite based sensor was first evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV). Under optimum conditions, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was further utilized for malathion detection, which proved the PANI-ZnOÀ NiO/GCE electrode as an effective electrochemical sensor. The developed electrochemical sensor showed a low detection limit of 1.0 × 10 À 8 M with a wider linear range of 10 to 70 nM for malathion.