OBJECTIVETo determine in Canadian children aged <18 years the 1) incidence of type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes; 2) clinical features of type 2 diabetes; and 3) coexisting morbidity associated with type 2 diabetes at diagnosis.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis Canadian prospective national surveillance study involved a network of pediatricians, pediatric endocrinologists, family physicians, and adult endocrinologists. Incidence rates were calculated using Canadian Census population data. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate demographic and clinical features.RESULTSFrom a population of 7.3 million children, 345 cases of non–type 1 diabetes were reported. The observed minimum incidence rates of type 2, medication-induced, and monogenic diabetes were 1.54, 0.4, and 0.2 cases per 100,000 children aged <18 years per year, respectively. On average, children with type 2 diabetes were aged 13.7 years and 8% (19 of 227) presented before 10 years. Ethnic minorities were overrepresented, but 25% (57 of 227) of children with type 2 diabetes were Caucasian. Of children with type 2 diabetes, 95% (206 of 216) were obese and 37% (43 of 115) had at least one comorbidity at diagnosis.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first prospective national surveillance study in Canada to report the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and also the first in the world to report the incidence of medication-induced and monogenic diabetes. Rates of type 2 diabetes were higher than expected with important regional variation. These results support recommendations that screening for comorbidity should occur at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Primary care teams that integrated a pharmacist experienced several common barriers and facilitators. The negative impact of these barriers can be mitigated with effective planning and support that is individualized for the type of community where the team is located.

Clinical features and rates of comorbidity in children with newly diagnosed T2D differ across various populations (Caucasian, Aboriginal, and children who belong to other high-risk ethnic groups) and across distinct Aboriginal populations (those living in central Canada vs. those living in other regions of Canada). Future research should determine specific genetic and environmental factors that contribute to these differences.

Recognize: Consider diabetes risk factors for all of your patients and screen appropriately for diabetes. Register: Develop a registry for all of your patients with diabetes to track care. Resource: Support self-management through the use of interprofessional teams, which could include the primary care provider, diabetes educator, registered dietitian, nurse, pharmacist, specialists and self-management supports, including linkage to community services. Relay: Facilitate information sharing between the person with diabetes and the health-care team for coordinated care and timely management changes. Recall: Develop a system to remind your patients and caregivers of timely review and reassessment.Conflict of interest statements can be found on page S33. Can J Diabetes 42 (2018) S27-S35

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