Naar een multipolaire benadering van culturele bemiddelaars in multiculturele ruimtes. Culturele bemiddelaars in België, 1830-1945. In dit artikel wordt een diepgaand conceptueel en methodologisch begrip van de culturele bemiddelaar beoogd. Deze bemiddelaar wordt hier als een persoon gedefinieerd die taalkundige, artistieke en politiek-geografische grenzen overschrijdt en die culturele uitwisselingen onderneemt. Vooral in een heterogene context, waar verschillende talen en culturele velden op elkaar inwerken zoals in het België van de late negentiende en de eerste helft van de twintigste eeuw, ondernamen culturele bemiddelaars belangrijke uitwisselingsactiviteiten waardoor ze een bijdrage leverden tot de vaak gelijktijdige constructie van regionale, nationale en internationale culturele identiteiten. Na eerst enkele kritieken op verschillende aspecten van cultuurhistorisch, literair-historisch en vertaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar culturele bemiddelaars te hebben geformuleerd, stellen we een multipolair model voor dat volgens ons een vruchtbare manier kan zijn om culturele bemiddelaars te bestuderen. De interdisciplinaire onderzoeksperspectieven, zoals voorgesteld in dit model, worden vervolgens aan de hand van enkele korte studies van culturele bemiddelaars, hun interculturele uitwisselingen en hun positie in het negentiende-eeuwse en twintigsteeeuwse België geïllustreerd, om zo een aanzet te geven tot een beter begrip van de veranderende organisatie en praktijken van het Belgische culturele leven doorheen de tijd.

During the 1970s Belgian academic historians added recent history to the academic history course. Recent history, referring to the period from the First World War to the present day, was recognized as a subdiscipline of contemporary history. Belgian research institutes of twentieth-century history emerged. It is little known that it was the protagonists of Belgian history education, and not academic historians, who from the 1940s promoted the integration of recent history. In history education, academic historians’ common objections to the study of the supposedly ‘too close’ and ‘subjective’ recent history were outweighed by ethical and societal imperatives. Democratic citizenship education demanded closer examination of the world wars and was stimulated by UNESCO’s and the Council of Europe’s peace education projects. Official encouragement to research recent history was also lacking, due to troubled Belgian war memories. Yet Belgian proponents of history education founded international commissions to stimulate study of the Second World War. The impact of these educational initiatives was felt in the inclusion of recent history in Belgian history textbooks and the academic institutionalization of recent history. Yet the promotion of a conciliatory approach to the Second World War clashed with internal community conflicts resulting from a regionalization of war memories.

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Este artigo enfoca os mediadores culturais do período entre guerras na Bélgica de um ponto de vista plural, tanto metodológico quanto disciplinar, levando em consideração suas atividades e papeis plurais e as várias maneiras pelas quais essas atividades e papeis interagem e se influenciam. Para traçar uma história cultural transnacional que complete a pesquisa sobre histórias nacionais e locais é necessário estar ciente de que os caminhos da história cultural não são nem lineares nem unidirecionais. A pesquisa sobre mediadores culturais tem o potencial de oferecer uma visão sobre o (evolução) impacto das transferências culturais na vida cultural (’nacional’ multilinguística), na rica constelação da mediação cultural (dos mediadores bilíngues até os monolíngues) e na relação entre transferências artísticas (frequentemente mais bem sucedidas) e transferências literárias (menos eficazes), que podem ser estendidas para a pesquisa em outros contextos multilinguais. Mediadores culturais destacam os laços e ajudam a superar a ideia simplista de culturas que fornecem e culturas que consomem. A ênfase nas relações, interações e circulações vai além da análise dos contatos efetivos incluindo também as consequências, a saber, como as práticas adquirem novos sentidos no processo de transferência. Essa abordagem relacional ajuda na aproximação e distanciamento dos grupos de agentes e das partes interessadas, focando nas interações entre pequenas regiões literárias ou tradutórias em relação à sua contraparte.