No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Background/aimsThe accuracy of pattern deviation (PD) in estimating the damage to the glaucomatous visual field (VF) in the central 10° in eyes with glaucoma and cataract is unclear.MethodsThis retrospective study includes 63 eyes of 52 glaucoma patients who successfully underwent cataract surgery or cataract surgery plus iStent implantation. Using the Humphrey Field Analyser 10–2 test, VF was measured within 6 months preoperatively and postoperatively (VFpreand VFpost, respectively). The mean total deviation values in VFpost(mTDpost) indicates glaucomatous damage without cataract and the difference between this value and mean PD values in VFpre(mPDpre) was evaluated (εmPD). The effect of cataract was then evaluated as the difference between mTDpostand mTDpre(ΔmTD), while the effects of mTDpostand ΔmTD on εmPD were also assessed. In addition, based on preoperative visual acuity (VApre) and VFpre, the optimal model for predicting mTDpostwas identified. The error of this method (εOptimalModel) was estimated as the difference against mTDpost, which was compared with εmPD.ResultsCompared with mTDpre, there was a significant improvement in mTDpost(p=0.028). A significant difference was observed between mPDpreand mTDpost(p<0.001). Further, εmPD significantly increased with the increase of mTDpostor ΔmTD (p<0.001 and p=0.0444, respectively). The absolute εOptimalModel was significantly smaller than the absolute εmPD (p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study warns clinicians that PD of the central 10° VF might underestimate the glaucomatous VF damage with the progression of glaucoma and overestimate it as a cataract progresses.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">To prevent global warming, many countries are making efforts to reduce CO₂ emissions toward achieving 2050 carbon neutrality. In order to reduce CO₂ concentration quickly, in addition to spread of renewable energy and expansion of BEV, it is also important to reduce CO₂ emissions by improving thermal efficiency of ICE (internal combustion engine) and utilizing carbon neutral fuels such as synthetic fuels and biofuels. It is well known that lean burn is an effective technology to increase thermal efficiency of engine highly. However, since NOx emission from lean burn engine cannot be reduced with three-way catalyst, there have been issues such as complicated system configuration due to the addition of NOx reduction catalyst or limiting lean operation to narrow engine speed and load in order to meet emission regulation of each country. This paper introduces super lean burn engine with over lambda 2.5 that achieves both high thermal efficiency and significantly low NOx emission in order to solve the issues of conventional lean burn engine. Key technologies for combustion such as ignition, flame propagation, and unburned HC reduction are described firstly, and then the possibility of further improvement of thermal efficiency and combustion effect by applying ethanol as CN (Carbon neural) fuel to the super lean burn engine is indicated.</div></div>