In the lepadomorph barnacle Octolasmis warwickii, individuals are often found attached to the scutum of conspecifics living externally on the crab hosts. To test whether these conspecific-attached individuals are dwarf males, as are known to occur in other suborders of barnacles, we compared the pattern of attachment, size-frequency distribution, and reproductive status of the conspecific-attached (Con-A) and crab-attached (Crab-A) individuals. Con-As were smaller than Crab-As. There was a positive relationship between the body size of Crab-As and the number of individuals on them. Con-As had longer penises than Crab-As of the same body size, and their testes were better developed. The four largest Con-As examined were brooding eggs. These results indicate that Con-As of O. warwickii are dwarf males, with a potential to become hermaphroditic. This represents the first known example of coexistence of males and hermaphrodites in the suborder Lepadomorpha. The mating group size of O. warwickii was smaller than in its hermaphroditic congeners but larger than in barnacles with dwarf males and females, which supports the current theories that group size is important for the evolution of sexuality patterns in barnacles.

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INTRODUCTIONBreast tumor metastasis to the tonsil is extremely rare.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 54-year-old woman underwent resection of a breast malignant phyllodes tumor and later presented with metastasis to the lung and the left tonsil. She underwent left lower lobectomy and resection of the left tonsillar tumor. She subsequently developed undifferentiated carcinoma of the right tonsil. She underwent resection of the right tonsillar tumor and chemotherapy was started. The central venous catheter became infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, she died.DISCUSSIONTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a phyllodes tumor metastasizing to the tonsil. Furthermore, morphological and immunohistochemical study revealed that the right tonsillar tumor was irrelevant to the phyllodes tumors.CONCLUSIONWe report a case of phyllodes tumor metastasis to the left tonsil which developed undifferentiated carcinoma in the other side of tonsil later. Breast tumor metastasis to the tonsil is rare but it should be considered as a possible diagnosis.

The present status and problems of threatened benthic animals in the tidal flats of Japan are discussed. These issues came to light during the editing process of Threatened Animals of Japanese Tidal Flats: Red Data Book RDB of Seashore Benthos Japanese Association of Benthology, 2012. In this book, 651 species 462 molluscs, 138 arthropods, 21 polychaetes, and 30 other invertebrates were designated as threatened benthic animals and categorized as follows; one Extinct, 38 Critically Endangered, 76 Endangered, 168 Vulnerable, 291 Near Threatened, 67 Data Deficient, and 10 Threatened Local Populations. Among various combinations of distributional ranges in Japan, the largest numbers of RDB species were recorded from the area of Amami Islands and southwards , i.e. 108 of the 651 species, 15 of the total. The major reasons for RDB listing were habitat degradation and population decline for molluscs, rarity for arthropods, and population decline and habitat degradation for polychaetes. The relatively high percentage of parasitic and symbiotic RDB species 10.4 of molluscs, 18.1 of arthropods, and 14.3 of polychaetes indicates that the conservation of their host species must also be taken into account. In conclusion, the following actions are recommended: 1 reinforcement of the publishing of Red Lists RL and Red Data Books by both national and local governments; 2 expansion of benthic research through various means, including appropriate publicity; 3 compilation of other RL/RDB species besides the invertebrate benthos of tidal flats e.g., fish or seagrasses of tidal flats, and benthos of rocky shores , and eventual reappraisal of the RDB status of the species covered in Japanese Association of Benthology 2012 ; and 4 development and appropriate maintenance of specimen collections,and encouragement of popular understanding and governmental support in allocating appropriate human resources and adequate financial resources for the institutions that manage these collections.

A new species of the Macrophthalmus telescopicus complex is described from Japan. The new species is closely allied to M. telescopicus (Owen, 1839), M. milloti Crosnier, 1965, and M. serenei Takeda & Komai, 1991. Macrophthalmus microfylacas sp. nov., however, is distinguished from these three species by the shape of the second and third anterolateral teeth, the shape of the gap between the first and second teeth, and a small body size. The new species can also be differentiated from M. milloti and M. serenei by the shape of the subproximal tooth of the male cheliped dactylus, while it differs from M. telescopicus by the shape of the G1.