No abstract

Арабо-израильское противостояние является одной из ключевых линий раскола на Ближнем Востоке, и уже более столетия провоцирует межгосударственные конфликты. Активизация столкновений произошла с 1920-х гг., когда первые заметные межнациональные стычки были спровоцированы массовым переселением сторонников сионистского движения в Палестину. В данном статье анализируются подходы великих держав -США, СССР- и Турции как важнейшего регионального актора к урегулированию арабо-израильского конфликта на Ближнем Востоке в свете решений, принятых в Совете Безопасности ООН. В статье выявлены несоответствия посредников, ответственных за прекращение конфликта, которые еще больше нагнетают напряженность. Вовлечение арабских стран в конфликт уменьшило влияние нерегиональных акторов на противоборствующие стороны, но и проблема между Палестиной и Израилем со временем приобрела хронический характер.

In the 19 th century, when belief in racial discrimination and superiority could find a response at social and even moral levels, claims about humanity as a biological species turned into some pseudoscientific assumptions. This inevitably constituted a legitimate ground for Orientalist stereotypes such as barbarism, despotism, ignorance, fanaticism, and backwardness directed towards Eastern societies. Orientalism, which has been a baseline for the pride and superiority discourse inherent to the Western society since the second half of the 18 th century has been a method for their struggle to examine, learn and reign the East and the Easterners several biased theories and practices which are considered as facts without any doubt. It is possible to approach the American society as a large-scale and heterogeneous sample that represents the West in the analysis of racebased reductionist discourse, which is steered to Eastern civilizations and endeavored to gain legitimacy through Orientalism.This study aims to reveal the locally-penetrated reflections of a number of racist stereotypes claiming to be scientific and which take their place in the American press since the second half of the 19 th century in regards to Turkish and Mongolian identities that are frequently positioned opposite to Western societies in the context of being an 'other'. These two ethnical groups which embrace historically archaic bonds in between has been demonstrated in the local American press as unique sometimes, and neighboring at times; but at the same time, as the carriers of a low-profile culture that can easily be differentiated from Western civilization at every attempt due to its racial specifications.The image of Central Asia and its peoples in the American local press throughout the 19 th and 20 th centuries was represented by travel notes, columns, political news, short stories, and funnies. These texts and illustrations, which are mostly of pseudoscientific concerns, were sometimes published simultaneously in different states with a number of old articles and columns were reprinted by the conjuncture of the day. Among these, there are some texts that tried to establish kinship ties between Germans and Mongols based on so-called scientific data obtained from skull measurements during the Great War, thus accusing Germans of being aggressive by nature. The anti-German propaganda that took place in the American local press also reveals that the word Mongolian turned into one of the main reference points of the racist paradigm during this period. Indeed, terms such as Mongol, Mongolian, and Mongoloid have expanded in meaning to characterize all peoples classified as a yellow race by Westerners such as the Chinese and Japanese.The image of Turks in the American local press offers a common area that can be analyzed in the same context. The texts in question reveal the mentality in which the racist belief that constitutes the basis for hate speech is preserved, but a much harsher and uncompromising style is adopted. This can be explained b...

Kabul tarihi 25-VII-1931 Birinci fasıl Umumî hükümler BİRİNCİ MADDE-Matbuat hürriyeti ve matbu eserler neşri bu kanımda yazılı hükümlere bağlıdır. Bu kanunun hükümleri gerek matbaa gerek başka türlü mihaniki ve kimyevî vasıtalarla veya el ile çoğaltılarak neşredilen yazı, resim, güfteli güftesiz musiki eserleri ve gramofon püâkları gibi eserlere şamildir. Bu kanunda bu gibi eserlere matbua denilir. Sinematografa müteallik hususlar bu kanuna tabi değildir.

From the very beginning of its ‘invention’, football has been a major subject of politics, economy and other social disciplines. In this respect, the Yugoslav experience sets a great example for symbiotic relationship between football and politics. Yugoslav politics, evolved around nationalist tensions, has always had a complex and convoluted profile. In this context, it is argued that the ressentiment at the core of nationalism is a very observable dynamic of Yugoslav politics. Accordingly, the two major football clubs, Partizan FC and Red Star, were deeply influenced by Yugoslavia's founding political principles. Moreover, the rivalry between these two clubs known as the “eternal derby” also took on a symbolic representation of the conflict between nationalist and socialist ideas. Although we can only talk about the former Yugoslavia today, these clubs are still among the greatest living heirs of Balkan history. This paper provides ‘a first look’ at the political history of the “eternal derby” within the framework of Michael Billig and Liah Greenfeld's approaches to nationalism. In this context, it can be said that in addition to its irrational nature with a reference to ressentiment, nationalism is the subject of unconscious reproduction processes that take a place among the habits of daily life. While nationalism, shaped by psychosocial concepts such as existential envy, status inconsistency and identity crisis, the banal form of it can transform teams into armies, players into soldiers, pitches into battlefields, wins into military victories, columnists into embedded journalists. By simulating violence, the imaginary desire for revenge is also tried to be satisfied. The “eternal derby” serves a good model in this regard.