Fig. 21 illustrates one ofthe defects discovered in some of the large diameter bored piles involved in the bridge construction. Three main lessons may be learned from these defects.(a) The value of 10 kN/mZ for ground cohesion normally adopted to determine whether permanent liners or only temporary liners are required for casing the pile bore may be too low. It would be more prudent to use a higher value, for example 15 kN/m*.
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