Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is rising rapidly in many developed countries. Primary epidemiological data have invariably been derived from cancer registries that are heterogeneous in data quality and registration methodology; many registries have not adopted current clinical diagnostic criteria for HCC and still rely on histology for classification. We performed the first population-based study in Australia using current diagnostic criteria, hypothesizing that HCC incidence may be higher than reported. Incident cases of HCC (defined by American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases diagnostic criteria or histology) were prospectively identified over a 12-month period (2012)(2013)) from the population of Melbourne, Australia. Cases were captured from multiple sources: admissions to any of Melbourne's seven tertiary hospitals; attendances at outpatients; and radiology, pathology, and pharmacy services. Our cohort was compared to the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) cohort (mandatory notified cases) for the same population and period, and incidence rates were compared for both cohorts. There were 272 incident cases (79% male; median age: 65 years) identified. Cirrhosis was present in 83% of patients, with hepatitis C virus infection (41%), alcohol (39%), and hepatitis B virus infection (22%) the commonest etiologies present. Agestandardized HCC incidence (per 100,000, Australian Standard Population) was 10.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.0-11.7) for males and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.8 to 3.0) for females. The VCR reported significantly lower rates of HCC: 5.3 (95% CI: 4.4 to 6.4) and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.5) per 100,000 males and females respectively (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: HCC incidence in Melbourne is 2-fold higher than reported by cancer registry data owing to under-reporting of clinical diagnoses. Adoption of current diagnostic criteria and additional capture sources will improve registry completeness. Chronic viral hepatitis and alcohol remain leading causes of cirrhosis and HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2016;63:1205-1212 SEE EDITORIAL ON PAGE 1078 P rimary liver cancer (PLC) has become the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and is also the fifth-most common cancer. (1) Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant type of primary liver cancer, mostly arises in the setting of cirrhosis, with the most common etiologies being chronic viral hepatitis B and C, alcohol, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The combination of LSM ≤25 kPa and Pl ≥100 can be used in clinical practice to exclude the presence of high-risk GOV in patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis.

Objectives: To determine the factors associated with survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the effect of HCC surveillance on survival. Design, setting and participants: Prospective population‐based cohort study of patients newly diagnosed with HCC in seven tertiary hospitals in Melbourne, 1 July 2012 – 30 June 2013. Main outcome measures: Overall survival (maximum follow‐up, 24 months); factors associated with HCC surveillance participation and survival. Results: 272 people were diagnosed with incident HCC during the study period; the most common risk factors were hepatitis C virus infection (41%), alcohol‐related liver disease (39%), and hepatitis B virus infection (22%). Only 40% of patients participated in HCC surveillance at the time of diagnosis; participation was significantly higher among patients with smaller median tumour size (participants, 2.8 cm; non‐participants, 6.0 cm; P < 0.001) and earlier Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage disease (A/B, 59%; C/D, 25%; P < 0.001). Participation was higher among patients with compensated cirrhosis or hepatitis C infections; it was lower among those with alcohol‐related liver disease or decompensated liver disease. Median overall survival time was 20.8 months; mean survival time was 18.1 months (95% CI, 16.6–19.6 months). Participation in HCC surveillance was associated with significantly lower mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38–0.93; P = 0.021), as were curative therapies (aHR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.19–0.58). Conversely, higher Child–Pugh class, alpha‐fetoprotein levels over 400 kU/L, and later BCLC disease stages were each associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: Survival for patients with HCC is poor, but may be improved by surveillance, associated with the identification of earlier stage tumours, enabling curative therapies to be initiated.

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