Metasurfaces are ultrathin optical elements that are highly promising for constructing lightweight and compact optical systems. For their practical implementation, it is imperative to maximize the metasurface efficiency. Topology optimization provides a pathway for pushing the limits of metasurface efficiency; however, topology optimization methods have been limited to the design of microscale devices due to the extensive computational resources that are required. We introduce a new strategy for optimizing large-area metasurfaces in a computationally efficient manner. By stitching together individually optimized sections of the metasurface, we can reduce the computational complexity of the optimization from high-polynomial to linear. As a proof of concept, we design and experimentally demonstrate large-area, high-numerical-aperture silicon metasurface lenses with focusing efficiencies exceeding 90%. These concepts can be generalized to the design of multifunctional, broadband diffractive optical devices and will enable the implementation of large-area, high-performance metasurfaces in practical optical systems.

Anomalous refraction is a form of extreme waveform manipulation that can be realized with artificially structured nanomaterials, such as metamaterials or metasurfaces. While this phenomenon has been previously demonstrated for select input and output angles, its generalization to arbitrary angles with high efficiencies remains a challenge. In this study, we show that periodic dielectric metasurfaces can support ultra-high-efficiency anomalous refraction for nearly arbitrary combinations of incident and outgoing angles (>90% efficiency for angles up to 50°). Both polarization-dependent and polarization-independent device configurations can be realized, and the achieved metrics exceed the capabilities of conventional metasurfaces by a large margin. Many of the devices studied here utilize dielectric nanostructures that support strong near-field optical interactions with neighboring structures and complex optical mode dynamics. We envision that these concepts can be integrated with practical applications in optical communications, spectroscopy, and laser optics.

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Significance Optical activity is a fundamental property of symmetry-broken three-dimensional systems and enables control of the polarization state of electromagnetic waves. This work introduces a type of reconfigurable geometric phase response in which shearing displacements between two Pancharatnam–Berry-phase metasurfaces transduce chiral symmetry breaking within nanoscale waveguide structures. These metasurface systems, termed fractured metasurface waveplates, can be tailored to support dynamically tunable, broadband circular birefringence responses. Polarization modulation is based on microscopic motions and uniquely enables high-speed modulation over large area apertures. Our system paves the way for new classes of nanophotonic devices that feature systems-level symmetry breaking for controlling electromagnetic waves, which is relevant for sensing, imaging, and quantum-control applications.

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