In view of the increasing demand for rare-earth elements (REE) in many areas of high technology, alternative methods for the extraction of these elements have been developed. In this work, a process based on the use of ultrasound for the extraction of REE from carbonatite (an igneous rock) is proposed to avoid the use of concentrated reagents, high temperature and excessive extraction time. In this pioneer work for REE extraction from carbonatite rocks in a preliminary investigation, ultrasonic baths, cup horn systems or ultrasound probes operating at different frequencies and power were evaluated. In addition, the power released to the extraction medium and the ultrasound amplitude were also investigated and the temperature and carbonatite mass/volume of extraction solution ratio were optimized to 70°C and 20mg/mL, respectively. Better extraction efficiencies (82%) were obtained employing an ultrasound probe operating at 20kHz for 15min, ultrasound amplitude of 40% (692Wdm) and using a diluted extraction solution (3% v/v HNO+2% v/v HCl). It is important to mention that high extraction efficiency was obtained even using a diluted acid mixture and relatively low temperature in comparison to conventional extraction methods for REE. A comparison of results with those obtained by mechanical stirring (500rpm) using the same conditions (time, temperature and extraction solution) was carried out, showing that the use of ultrasound increased the extraction efficiency up to 35%. Therefore, the proposed ultrasound-assisted procedure can be considered as a suitable alternative for high efficiency extraction of REE from carbonatite rocks.
Rationale A method for the determination of rare earth elements in carbonatite rocks by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was developed. Methods An alkaline rock, carbonatite, was submitted to ultrasound‐assisted extraction (USAE) using an ultrasound bath, a cup horn system or an ultrasound probe. The main USAE parameters were evaluated, such as extraction time (1 to 30 min), extraction temperature (20 to 100°C) and ultrasound amplitude (10 to 100%). For ICP‐MS, a desolvation system (APEX‐Q) was used to reduce interference in lanthanide determination. To evaluate if the effect of ultrasound improved extraction, experiments were carried out using magnetic stirring (500 rpm) for comparison. Results The temperature and ultrasound amplitude optimized for the method were 70°C and 40%, respectively, using dilute nitric acid (3% v/v). Quantitative analyte recoveries were obtained using an ultrasound bath (25 kHz/100 W) which allowed for the simultaneous extraction of twelve replicates. Conclusions All the results obtained with the use of ultrasound systems were better than those obtained with mechanical stirring. The extracts were suitable for ICP‐MS analysis and the results were in agreement with those obtained by the reference method (using wet acid digestion). Based on the results, the use of USAE can be considered an alternative method for sample preparation of carbonatite rocks, under milder conditions, for further ICP‐MS analysis.
RESUMO -A conversão de biomassa a produtos químicos possibilita a obtenção de polímeros, solventes e combustíveis, a partir de fontes renováveis de carbono. O presente estudo viabilizou o uso do ultrassom na intensificação da conversão de celulose para obtenção de furfural. Foram avaliados diferentes sistemas de aplicação de ultrassom (banhos, sondas e cup horns) com experimentos comparativos sob agitação mecânica e estudo da potência liberada em cada caso. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: amplitude (30, 50 e 70%), temperatura de sonicação (30, 50 e 70 °C) e concentração de HNO3 (4, 6 e 8 mol L -1 ). Os produtos foram quantificados por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massa por tempo-de-vôo (UPLC-ToF-MS) e a pureza foi confirmada por ressonância magnética nuclear (NMR, de 13 C e 1 H). O resíduo após hidrólise foi avaliado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). No sistema cup horn, com amplitude de 50%, temperatura de 30 °C e 60 minutos de sonicação, utilizando HNO3 4 mol L -1 foram obtidos os rendimentos reacionais mais elevados, chegando a 78% de conversão a furfural. A utilização de um ácido diluído volátil associado à temperatura amena de reação, representam vantagens significativas do processo assistido por ultrassom.(espaço) INTRODUÇÃOA busca por matérias-primas alternativas para processos industriais tem sido alvo de diversos estudos. A utilização de fontes renováveis de carbono reduz a dependência de fontes fósseis para obtenção de produtos de química fina (Silveira, 2008). De acordo com a literatura, a disponibilidade de recursos fósseis tende a reduzir nos próximos anos, em função das dificuldades de extração e dos impactos negativos causados pelo seu uso em larga escala (Mothé e Miranda, 2010).Dentre as potenciais fontes alternativas ao petróleo, a biomassa surge como um expoente em pesquisas tecnológicas. De maneira geral, a biomassa é formada por carboidratos, lignina, proteínas, gorduras e, numa menor extensão, por várias outras substâncias, tais como vitaminas, terpenos, carotenóides, alcalóides, pigmentos e flavorizantes (Rodrigues, 2011). Essa vasta composição proporciona a diversificação da matriz industrial, impulsionando a descentralização dos meios produtores de matérias-primas e locais de geração de energia, podendo resultar em um modelo industrial mais sustentável.
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