No abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) on the toxicity of zinc (Zn) for the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. P was provided in three concentrations: 2.3 x 10-4 mol L-1 , 2.3 x 10-6 mol L −1 and 1.0 x 10-6 mol L −1. Algal cells were acclimated to the specifi c P concentrations before the start of the experiment. The chemical equilibrium software MINEQL + 4.61 was employed to calculate the Zn 2+ concentration. After acclimated, the algal cells were inoculated into media containing different Zn concentrations (0.09 x 10-6 mol L-1 to 9.08 x 10-6 mol L-1). The study showed that besides the reduction in algal growth rates, phosphorus had an important infl uence on the toxicity of zinc for microalga. The inhibitory Zn 2+ concentration values for R. subcapitata were 2.74 x 10-6 mol L-1 , 0.58 x 10-6 mol L-1 and 0.24 x 10-6 mol L-1 for the microalgae acclimated at P concentrations of 2.3 x 10-4 mol L-1 , 2.3 x 10-6 mol L-1 and 1.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 , respectively. Ecotoxicological studies should consider the interaction between metal concentrations and varying P values to provide realistic data of what occurs in phytoplankton communities in environments.

As of October 8th , 2020, the number of confirmed cases and deaths in Brazil due to COVID-19 hit 5,002,357 and 148,304, respectively, making the country one of the most affected by the pandemic. The State of São Paulo (SSP) hosts the largest number of confirmed cases in Brazil, with over 1,016,755 cases to date. This study was carried out to investigate how the social distancing measures could have influenced the Ibitinga reservoir's water transparency in São Paulo State, Brazil. We hypothesize that although the city's drainage is the major reservoir's input, as opposed to what has been reported elsewhere, the effect of extensive lockdown in the city of São Paulo due to COVID-19 is marginal on the water transparency. A time series of OLI/Landsat-8 images since 2014 were used to estimate the Secchi Disk Depth (Z SD ). The COVID-19 cases and deaths (per 100,000 inhabitants), and social isolation index were used to find links between the Z SD and COVID-19. The results showed that the highest Z DS (higher than 1.6 m) occurred during the dry season (Austral autumn and beginning of Austral winter) and the lowest (0.4–0.8 m) during March 2020 (end of Austral summer). Paired sample t -Tests between images of 2020 and all the others showed that April 20th values were not different from that of June 14th, April 17th and March 18th. Z SD values from May 20th were not statistically different from May 14th and April 15th; June 20th values were not different from June 14th; and March 20th values were statistically different from all. We therefore conclude that, based on satellite data, the lockdown in SSP unlikely have influenced the water transparency in the Ibitinga reservoir.