I 99 Risco de inundação em áreas rurais: bacia do rio Luís Alves (SC) Resumo: O presente trabalho identificou e mapeou as áreas inundáveis da Bacia do Rio Luís Alves. A bacia, de uso da terra predominantemente agrícola, possui um notável histórico de inundações, demandando estudos que subsidiem o planejamento e a gestão do território. A partir da coleta de dados pluviométricos e fluviométricos, associada ao processamento de dados espaciais, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia em ambiente de SIG, que possibilitou a simulação de eventos de inundação, bem como a determinação de áreas de risco.

<p>In recent years, the geoheritage has gained relevance and prominence in academic research in Brazil.  Studies on geological/geomorphological diversity as an element of geoheritage are materialiazed in the several proposals of new geoparks made to UNESCO; however, the geoheritage as a cultural asset still requires closer attention. The goal of this study is to value terrain elements as geoheritage for their cultural importance in the territory of the Caminhos dos Cânions do Sul Geopark (CCSG). The CCSG is located in the South of Brazil and has as geoheritage elements of the terrain that stand out internationally, such as the canyons, inserted in the escarpments of the edge of the plateau.  This compartment, with approximately 1000 meters in height, divides the poorly dissected plateau from the flood plain, forming a landscape of unique scenic value in the Brazilian territory. The terrain was a fundamental element for the human occupation of this region, from the indigenous peoples to the colonial occupation. These three compartments, plateau, escarpments and plain, served as the basis for different human activities and cultures. The plateau, with its hills covered with steppe fields, served as the basis for the characteristic "gaúcho" culture, linked to cattle raising. In this unit, the stone walls that were used to contain the cattle, built with rocks of the local lithology, the volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Group, are noteworthy. The plain, covered by the Ombrophylous Forest, was occupied with agricultural production. This compartment is formed mainly by alluvial fan-shaped deposits, with small elevations called lobules. These are used for subsistence agriculture, while the lower, wetter areas are used for commercial rice cultivation. Between these two compartments, plateau and plain, lies the edge of the plateau, with steep terrain and canyon-shaped valleys. This unit is what gives the landscape its uniqueness and is considered as a geopatrimonial site of international relevance. These terrain units, well defined as geomorphological compartments and forms of human occupation, are currently unique elements in the CCSG. However, in the past, the escarpments were obstacles for the connection of the culture of the plateau and the lowland culture. This connection was made by trails that allowed the exchange of products for subsistence of the people in the two geomorphological compartments. These trails were traced, prior to settlement, by local indigenous peoples. Later, these paths were used as an access route for the transport of cargo from mules, carried out by people called "tropeiros". These were specialized in the transport of food and animals along the paths that cut through the escarpments of the plateau. These paths are currently used as ecotourism trails, since the "tropeirismo" no longer exists as a commercial activity.  The geomorphological compartments, plateau, escarpment and plain, with characteristic terrain forms and distinct cultures, add the cultural importance that needs to be valued as geoheritage of the CCSG.</p>

<p>Geoheritage comprises a wide range of abiotic elements to which values ​​are assigned. Part of this natural diversity is of geomorphological origin, encompassing mainly geoforms with scientific, turistic, educational and cultural values - the geomorphosites. However, the geomorphological units in which they are inserted are usually considered just as their scenery, that is, they are recognized as geoheritage almost exclusively features in a more detailed scale. Geopark territories where the landscape is an important component of the heritage, the insertion of geomorphological compartmentation is fundamental to understand it. The Caminhos dos Cânions do Sul Geopark (CCSG), located in southern Brazil, is a mosaic of landscapes marked by the presence of a large escarpment that separates other relief units that encompass sites of geomorphological, paleontological and stratigraphic origin of local to international relevance. Canyons, waterfalls, residual hills and ruiniform reliefs are examples of geomorphological sites linked to the different existing compartments. Here we aim to discuss, based on the values ​​of geodiversity, the geomorphological compartments present in the CCSG as part of its geoheritage. The geomorphological subdivision of the CCSG includes five units: (i) the basaltic escarpment of Serra Geral, which separates the (ii) Campos Gerais Plateau from (iii) the Patamares da Serra Geral, intermediate relief between the escarpment and the (iv) Colluvium -Alluvial and (v) Coastal Plains.</p><p>The scientific value, central to the evaluation of geoheritage, has its main attributes in the components of representativeness, integrity and paleogeographic value. All geomorphological compartments are very representative of their morphogenesis and morphodynamics: (i) the Serra Geral escarpment, for example, is strongly dissected, with steep and straight slopes and deep valleys, often in the form of canyons; (ii) the colluvial-alluvial plain, which stands out for the presence of coalescent alluvial fans, whose genesis is linked to the occurrence of mass movements and torrential processes on the escarpment; sometimes also presents river terraces linked to in relative sea-level quaternary fluctuations. The paleogeographic value can also be recognized by the presence of residual hills and interdigitated spurs in the colluvial-alluvial and coastal plains along the entire CCSG territory, which attest to the erosive retreat of the Serra Geral escarpment. Integrity, in turn, is ensured by the coverage area of ​​a relief compartment, especially in inhospitable terrain, such as escarpments. Finally, additional values, such as aesthetics, can be recognized by the scenic beauty provided by the strong topographical contrast between plateau-escarpment or escarpment-plains. In this way, it is understood that it is possible to propose geosites or establish geopanoramic points for observation, being fundamental for the appreciation of one of the main elements of CCSG's geoheritage – the landscape.</p>

<p>The geomorphological heritage can be set as geomorphosites, that are forms, processes and associated deposits in which a value can be attributed, such as scientific and cultural. The scientific value of geomorphosites can be expressed in the form of geomorfological maps, especially in detailed scale. In this approach of representation of the geomorphological heritage that this paper is developed. The geoheritage of Caminhos dos Canyons do Sul Geopark (CCSG), located in Southern Brazil, includes geomorphosites, among other types of geosites, distributed in five geomorphological units: Littoral Plain, Colluvium-alluvial Plain, Serra Geral Hills, Serra Geral Escarpment and Campos Gerais Plateau. In order to highlight the scientific values of the CCSG’s geomorphosites, detailed cartography was applied with the geomorphological legend of the <em>Servizio Geologico d’Italia</em> of 2018. This legend aims to represent lots of geomorphological forms and processes through specific symbols and colors. Geomorphosites were selected for description and representation in each geomorphological unit: (i) Peat bog in the Plateau: typical of the plateau given the favorable climatic conditions (cold temperatures and high humidity) and topographic conditions. The mapped peat bog is confined to the ondulations of the relief, being traversed by a watercourse that, in its final portion, flows directly into the bedrock composed of volcanic rocks from the Serra Geral group of the Paraná Volcanosedimentary Basin; (ii) Itaimbezinho Canyon in the Serra Geral Escarpment: extensive and narrow valley carved into the Serra Geral group. The high of the canyon slope is more than 700m, the map highlights these escarpment lines and vertical slopes, the Boi River that runs along the bottom of the valley over the alluvial deposits and, in addition, the slump-blocks deposits; (iii) Paredão da Areia Branca in the Serra Geral Hills: a residual hill that testifies the regression of the Serra Geral Escarpment unit. The map represents Paredão’s alongated shape, with structural forms such as scarps, convex hilltops and caves. Shapes related to the diference sedimentar lithologies are also evidenced, such as ruiniform shapes in sandstone rocks; (iv) Seco River in the Colluvium-Alluvial Plain: the Seco is a braided river, which is associated with the slope rupture between the escarpment and the plain. Its active and inactive channels, typical of the fluvial dynamics of this morphology, as well the fluvial islands were represented; (v) Itapeva Dunas in the Littoral Plain: aeolian deposits that composes a transgressive dunefield in an area of marine transgression and regression depositional systems from the Quaternary period The map represents the aeolian process with active and inactive dunes, also a particular fluvial dynamics, which is the upwelling of the water table generates a fluvial channel that breaks the foredunes and forming a alluvial fan. The sites of this work present the relief, the geodiversity and the geomorphological heritage of the CCSG. The legend used in the detailed geomorphological maps made it possible to represent the scientific elements observed in the field and could, in the future, be the base of CCSG geotouristic maps.</p>

<p>The abiotic elements of the natural environment constitute the geoheritage through geosites, identified from the exceptional values ​​of geodiversity. Among these values, which range from its scientific to cultural potential, the educational one stands out. In this sense, the number of works in which geoheritage is used to teach geoscientific content is increasing. Such initiatives can be based on educational projects in the school space or in non-formal teaching spaces, including protected areas and geoparks. The Caminhos dos Cânions do Sul Geopark (CCSG), located in southern Brazil, presents unique natural aspects with a vast geodiversity and biodiversity, where canyons, waterfalls and paleoburrows stand out – abiotic elements in the landscape with high geoeducational potential. In Brazil, the school curriculum was restructured in 2018 into a National Common Curricular Base (NCCB), which regulates the essential contents worked in Brazilian schools. This work aims to identify skills and contents present in the NCCB that allow working geoscientific concepts based on the precepts of geodiversity, from geosites present in the CCSG. For this, we carried out an analysis of the curriculum to identify the contents to be addressed from the CCSG geoheritage, considering the geosites with educational value. The results indicate that there is no clear approach to geodiversity and its conceptual developments, such as geoheritage. However, the landforms and geomorphological compartments are contents that permeate all the final years of elementary school, such as the sixth year through the concept of landscape, in the seventh with the physical-natural aspects and in the eighth and ninth years with occupations and relationships. humans on the environment. One of the skills identified in the NCCB (EF06GE01) is to compare changes in landscapes in places of living and the uses of these places at different times. From the Fortaleza Canyon, it is possible to discuss the concept of landscape from the wide field of vision that encompasses from the plateau, escarpments, to the colluvial-alluvial plain, different vegetation covers and forms of land use, allowing the concept to be constructed from of experience in the field. It is also possible to address contents present in the skill (EF06GE04), which proposes to recognize the main components of the morphology of basins and hydrographic networks and their location in the modeled terrestrial surface. From the Itaimbezinho Canyon geosite, the typical geomorphological characteristics of the hydrographic basins are identified, such as the slopes, the drainage network, waterfalls and the intense erosive dynamics in this type of modeling, also highlighting the abundance of channels and available water resources. Therefore, the geoeducational approach is quite relevant, especially in the elementary school curriculum, seeking to value geoheritage, the importance of geodiversity as well as its educational value.</p>