A flood is the accumulation of too much water which rises to overflow land which is not normally submerged (Mukhopadhyay, 2010; Ward, 1978). Flooding can comprise overflow of a river as a result of prolonged seasonal rainfall, rainstorm, snowmelt, dam-breaks, accumulation of rainwater in low-lying areas with a high water table, or inadequate storm drainage. Floods could also be caused by intrusion of sea water onto coast lands during cyclonic/tidal surges (Handmer, Penning-Rowsell, & Tapsell, 1999; Stoltman, Lidstone, & DeChano, 2004). The terms used to describe flooding are numerous and may mean different things to different scholars with respect to the context in which they are used (Brooks, 2003; Brooks, Adger, & Kelly, 2005). Social scientists and climate scientists often mean different things when they use the term "vulnerability"; whereas social scientists tend to view vulnerability as representing the set of socioeconomic factors that determine people's ability to cope with stress or change (Allen, 2003), climate scientists often view vulnerability in terms of the likelihood of occurrence and impacts of weather-and climate-related events (

A comparative study of pre- and post-flood households’ food security statuses in South-Eastern Nigeria was performed to answer the question “Do floods affect food security?” Data were generated via a survey of 400 households in eight communities using stratified and random sampling methods. Households’ food security statuses were assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) and computed using a Rasch analysis, where households were divided into four categories, namely: food secure, food insecure without hunger, moderately food insecure with hunger and severely food insecure with hunger. The results show that flooding affects food security negatively by increasing the number of food insecure households to 92.8%, and the regression coefficient of −0.798 indicates a very strong negative effect of flooding on household food security. An odds ratio of 2.221 implies that households that have experienced flooding are 2.221 times more probable to be food insecure than households that have not. The implication of the findings is that flooding is capable of turning communities into food insecurity hotspots that would need long-term assistance to cope, and flooding is capable of hampering the achievement of Goal 2 of the SDGs.

The study investigated household food security (food accessibility) and its determinants in eight agrarian communities of Southeastern Nigeria where food accessibility was measured using per capita monthly food expenditure, and households were classified into food secure and food insecure. Four hundred (400) households were selected using stratified and random sampling methods. The results revealed that the categorization of households into either food secure or food insecure was a function of money spent on food monthly and household size, making household food security status differ within and across households and communities. The general findings revealed that majority (53.5%) of households were food insecure while 46.5% were food secure. Oguta community was revealed as the most food secure because majority of her households (68%) recorded relatively high per capita monthly food expenditure coupled with small household sizes while the reverse is the case with Ossomala community where 67.2% of households were food insecure. The Logistic regression analysis run to show the relationship between food security status and 23 predictors drawn from literature and observation, showed that only five were significant (p < 0.05) namely (with their coefficients) marital status (−0.347), level of education (0.540), monthly income (1.719), dependency ratio (−3.385) and distance to market (−0.880). The direction of their regression coefficients revealed that households headed by unmarried persons with higher level of education and monthly income as well as with fewer dependants were more food secure, and food security decreased with increasing distance to market in Southeastern Nigeria.

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Tourism has been noted to be one of the important sectors of the Nigerian economy. Tourism is a highly complex activity which requires tools that aid in an effective decision-making to come to terms with the competing economic, social and environmental demands of sustainable development. Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of such tools. GIS being an information system that is capable of answering questions about where facilities and resources are located represents enormous benefits to the tourism sector of any economy. The power of GIS lies not only in the ability to visualize spatial relationships, but also beyond the space to the holistic view of the world with its many interconnected components and complex relationships. The use of GIS technology could assist the Anambra State government as well as the Nigerian government with better planning of tourism infrastructure, location and dissemination of such infrastructure, production of better quality maps showing tourists sites etc because of the dynamic capability of GIS tools to incorporate changes that occur over time to its database. A GIS database for tourism in Anambra State was created using some selected roads, tourist attractions and facilities with the aid of base maps and GPS. This paper presents the significant role that GIS can play in tourism development in Anambra State if a complete database for tourism in the State is designed and developed.