Th is article investigates some of the socio-economic dimensions of contemporary Tibetan medical practices in the rural areas of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. Th e article is divided into two parts. Part One, printed in the last issue of the journal, deals with traditional medical practitioners and their medical practices within the governmental health care system in the TAR. It sheds light on the workings and the eff ects that the commodification of the offi cial health care system have had on its Tibetan medical practitioners, most of whom now work as hybrid practitioners and incorporate Chinese-style biomedicine into their practice.

The current issue of Asian Medicine emerges from the presentations made and discussions held during the panel 'Women and Gender in Medicine and Healing Across Asia' at the Asian Medicine: Cultivating Traditions and the Challenges of Globalisation conference in Bhutan, September 2009 (organised by IASTAM, the International Association for Traditional Medicine in collaboration with the Institute for Traditional Medicine Services, Thimphu). The original papers given at that panel spanned topics such as female medical practitioners in the history of Korean medicine, reproduction in late imperial and contemporary China, Islamic embryology, and women and gender in Tibetan medicine. While this issue focuses on the Tibetan medical contributions alone, it draws on insights gained from the wider discussions at the panel. It also includes other articles from scholars whose research is particularly relevant to the topic. The intention of this special issue is to present current research focusing on women and gender within the field of Tibetan medical and cultural practices. It presents articles that explore social, cultural, economic and medical aspects of women's health, as well as historical and contemporary roles and perspectives of female doctors and patients found within the medical landscape of a broadly defined Tibet. These contributions serve as points of reflection for this introductory essay, in which we review past and ongoing activities, explore analytical trajectories and innovative approaches in interdisciplinary research on women, gender and medicine in Tibet. OutlineThis introduction has three parts: the first reviews gendered productions, transmissions and practices of Tibetan medicine; the second part discusses the representation of women in medical literature and illustrations, while the 176 H. Fjeld, T. Hofer / Asian Medicine 6 (2010-11) third and last part addresses Tibetan medicine and reproductive health. So far, in the history of Tibetan medicine, called Sowa Rigpa (the 'science of healing', gso ba rig pa), most of its practitioners and authors have been men. Both the learning and practice of Sowa Rigpa and its associated texts have been closely connected to monastic institutions. This however, is only part of the (his)story. Sowa Rigpa was also learnt outside monasteries, within medical lineages, where knowledge and practice was often transmitted from father to son, uncle to nephew, and, as we shall see, from father to daughter, uncle to niece, and mother to daughter and son. Here we find the concept of the 'house' that derives from anthropological kinship theory a useful and encompassing tool for analysing the transmission and practice of Tibetan medicine outside lay and monastic institutions, for it draws out the relations between what in Tibetan are termed medical lineages (sman gyi rgyud) and medical houses (sman grong). We discuss whether, as has been suggested in earlier work by Janet Gyatso and Hanna Havnevik, Tibetan medicine has posed a relatively open field for women and, if so, how wom...

This article offers the first overview of the recent emergence of Tibetan Sign Language (TibSL) in Lhasa, capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. Drawing on short anthropological fieldwork, in 2007 and 2014, with people and organisations involved in the formalisation and promotion of TibSL, the author discusses her findings within the nine-fold UNESCO model for assessing linguistic vitality and endangerment. She follows the adaptation of this model to assess signed languages by the Institute of Sign Languages and Deaf Studies (iSLanDS) at the University of Central Lancashire. The appraisal shows that TibSL appears to be between “severely” and “definitely” endangered, adding to the extant studies on the widespread phenomenon of sign language endangerment. Possible future influences and developments regarding the vitality and use of TibSL in Central Tibet and across the Tibetan plateau are then discussed and certain additions, not considered within the existing assessment model, suggested. In concluding, the article places the situation of TibSL within the wider circumstances of minority (sign) languages in China, Chinese Sign Language (CSL), and the post-2008 movement to promote and use “pure Tibetan language”.

The People’s Republic of China is home to over 20 million d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing people, many among them belonging to ethnic minorities. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in two minority regions, the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, this article comparatively discusses findings on sign language use, education and state welfare policies. The situation in these domains is analysed through the framework of the ‘civilising project’, coined by Harrell, and its impacts on the d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing among ethnic minorities are shown. For instance, through the promotion of Chinese and Chinese Sign Language over and above the use of local sign and written languages as well as through education and the medicalisation of disabilities.