No abstract

Based on contingency and agency insights, this study examines the influence of ownership characteristics on performance measurement systems (PMSs) and outcome-based compensation systems driven by differences in organizational goals and objectives between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) in Vietnam. The influence of ownership characteristics on the design of PMSs received little attention from researchers so far. Moreover, the few studies that are available so far only examined the relationship between firm ownership characteristics and the presence and use of economic performance indicators and economic outcome-based compensation in firms. In this study, the scope of PMSs is broader, and sustainability indicators focusing on community programs, ethical behavior, and government regulation are included in addition to economic based indicators. Analyzing survey data with the use of partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM), we find that the higher the share of the government in an organization’s capital is, the significantly more governmental duty indicators and significantly fewer ethical indicators and economic indicators are included in the PMS and outcome-based compensation systems. The inclusion of community indicators is not associated with firm ownership characteristics. Meanwhile, non-SOEs include significantly more economic value indicators, but no societal measures, like ethical, community-oriented, and governmental duty indicators.

Flow inversion, transferring a liquid from the wall region toward the center of the pipe or from the axis toward the heat transfer surface, improves heat transfer in the laminar flow regime. While a fully developed velocity profile is quickly established, a thin thermal boundary layer is preserved for a considerable distance in the pipe behind the flow inverter for highly viscous liquids. Thus the pressure drop is increased only locally (by the inverter itself), while heat transfer enhancement is also seen in a long straight section of the pipe. Two original flow inverter designs were tested in a long pipe (3 m in length) heated by condensing steam, using starch molasses as a working medium. Experiments carried out in the range of Reynolds number 4-60 and Graetz number 150-700 resulted in an increase of 20-35% in the heat transfer coefficient, accompanied by a 30-40% increase in the pressure drop. The experimental results confirm the numerical model prediction (within an extendedReynolds number range starting from 0.1). Thus an almost 40% increase in heat transfer can be expected at the optimal Graetz number in the range 50-100, using only one flow inverter located in the middle of a sufficiently long pipe.