Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, is a progressive, irreversible, and typically lethal disease characterized by an abnormal fibrotic response involving vast areas of the lungs. Given the poor knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning IPF onset and progression, a better understanding of the cellular processes and molecular pathways involved is essential for the development of effective therapies, currently lacking. Besides a number of established IPF-associated risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, environmental factors, comorbidities, and viral infections, several other processes have been linked with this devastating disease. Apoptosis, senescence, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, and epithelial cell migration have been shown to play a key role in IPF-associated tissue remodeling. Moreover, molecules, such as chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, adenosine, glycosaminoglycans, non-coding RNAs, and cellular processes including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia, and alternative polyadenylation have been linked with IPF development. Importantly, strategies targeting these processes have been investigated to modulate abnormal cellular phenotypes and maintain tissue homeostasis in the lung. This review provides an update regarding the emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of IPF.

Background In Vietnam, a rapid decline of P . falciparum malaria cases has been documented in the past years, the number of Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases has rapidly decreased passing from 19.638 in 2012 to 4.073 cases in 2016. Concomitantly, the spread of artemisinin resistance markers is raising concern on the future efficacy of the ACTs. An evaluation of the clinical impact of the artemisinin resistance markers is therefore of interest. Methods The clinical effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine therapy (DHA-PPQ) has been evaluated in three districts characterized by different rates of ART resistance markers: K13(C580Y) mutation and delayed parasite clearance on day 3 (DPC3). Patients were stratified in 3 groups a) no markers, b) one marker (suspected resistance), c) co-presence of both markers (confirmed resistance). In the studied areas, the clinical effectiveness of DHA-PPQ has been estimated as malaria recrudescence within 60 days. Results The rate of K13(C580Y) ranged from 75.8% in Krong Pa to 1.2% in Huong Hoa district. DPC3 prevalence was higher in Krong Pa than in Huong Hoa (86.2% vs 39.3%). In the two districts, the prevalence of confirmed resistance was found in 69.0% and 1.2% of patients, respectively. In Thuan Bac district, we found intermediate prevalence of confirmed resistance. Treatment failure was not evidenced in any district. PPQ resistance was not evidenced. Confirmed resistance was associated to the persistence of parasites on day 28 and to 3.4-fold higher parasite density at diagnosis. The effectiveness of malaria control strategies was very high in the studied districts. Conclusion No treatment failure has been observed in presence of high prevalence of ART resistance and in absence of PPQ resistance. K13(C580Y) was strongly associated to higher parasitemia at admission, on days 3 and 28. Slower parasite clearance was also observed in younger patients.

Background: Malaria is still remains a public health disease with high circulating levels, each year causes the death of about 1.5 million people worldwide, and almost all deaths are caused by falciparum malaria. The emergence of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum parasites has made these drugs useless in many areas where malaria is endemic. As with earlier antimalarial drugs,parasite resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives has emerged in Southeast Asia. Evaluate the effectiveness of antimalarial drug is an essential activity for assessing sensitivity of drug resistance are taking a positive contribution to the prevention of malaria. Research objective: To evaluate the rate of delayed parasite clearance (DPC) in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum patient after 3 days treatment with DHA-PPQ in Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province. Research methods: Cross-sectional studyandempirical research. The research samples included all patients with falciparum malaria uncomplicated in Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province agreed to participate in our study. There are 84 patients were collected smears and whole blood samples before and after 3 days of treatment with DHA-PPQ for evaluating parasitemiae by microscopy method and Real time PCR. Results: In total 84 samples of malaria patients were collected to determine the rate of delayed parasite clearance (DPC) after 3 days of treatment with DHA-PPQ, there were 22 samples (26.2%) are parasites in blood after treatment 3days determined by microscopy; Real time PCR with 33 samples (39.3%) were parasites in the blood after treatment 3 days. Conclusion: The epidemiology of malaria in our study had a rate of delayed parasite clearance (DPC)after treatment with DHA-PPQ 3 days were 26.2% (22/84 samples) determined by microscopy and 39.3% (33/84 samples) by Real time PCR. As defined by WHO, the study results contribute to the initial report suspected artemisinin resistance occurs in endemic areas of our research. Key words: Plasmodium falciparum, Artemisinin.

Objectives: We surveyed the cutaneous fungal pathogens and the causative fungi species by clinical types from 181 patients in Hue Medicine and Pharmacy of hospital. Materials and methods: A crossectional survey for describe on 181 patients with positive direct examination from samples, including skin, hair and nail scrapings. These specimens were cultured on Sabouraud agar – Chloramphenicol medium or Sabouraud agar – Chloramphenicol – Cycloheximide medium or two kinds of media. Dermatophytes and nondermatophyte moulds were identified by the microscopic morphology. Identification of Candida species and other yeast pathogens based on the Dalmau technique and colorimetric sugar utilisation test. Results: The results were as follows: - The cutaneous fungal pathogens: + Dermatophytes was 90.64%, in which Trichophyton species was 82.91% T.rubrum 58.01%, T. mentagrophytes 14.36%, T.tonsurans 3.33%, T.violaceum 2.76%, T. erinacei 1.66%, T.schoenleini 1.10%, T.soudanense 0.55%, T.verrucosum 1.10%), Microsporum species was 7.18% M.gypseum 4.42%, M.canis 2.21%, M.persicolor 0.55%), and Epidermophyton floccosum was 0.55%. + Yeasts was 7.71%, in which C. albicans was 3.86%, C. parapsilopsis was 1.10%, C. tropicalis was 0.55%, C.famata was 0.55%, C.guilliermondii 0.55% and Trichosporon cutaneum was 1.10%. + Nondermatophytes moulds were 1.65%, in which Fusarium solani was 0.55%, Fusarium onysix was 0.55% and Scopulariopsis was 0.55%. - The causative fungi species by clinical types: Tinea capitis: T.rubrum (33.33%), T.mentagrophytes (33.33%), M.canis (33.33%). Tinea unguium: T.rubrum (66.66%), T.schoenleini (16.67%), Fusarium solani (16.67%). Tinea manuum and intertrigo: T.rubrum (16.67%), T.mentagrophytes (16.67%), M.gypseum (16.66%), Candida albicans (50.00%). Tinea pedis: T.rubrum (63.64%), T.mentagrophytes (9.09%), T.violaceum (9.09%), T.soudanense (9.09%), M.persicolor (9.09%). Tinea corporis: T.rubrum (57.70%), T.mentagrophytes (17.31%), T.violaceum (1.92%), T.tonsurans (1.92%),T. Erinacei (5.77%), T.verrucosum (1.92%), M.gypseum (9.62%), M.canis (1.92%), Fusarium onysix (1.92%). Tinea cruris: T.rubrum (60.32%), T.mentagrophytes (17.46%), T.violaceum (3.17%), T.tonsurans (7.94%), T.schoenleini (1.59%), T.verrucosum (1.59%), M.gypseum (3.17%), M.canis (3.17%), Epidermophyton floccosum (1.59%). Mutiple clinical type: T.rubrum (85.71%), T. mentagrophytes (10.71%), T.violaceum (3.58%). Paronychia - onychomychosis : Candida albicans (36.37%), Candida parapsilopsis (18.18%), Candida tropicalis (9,09%), Candida famata (9.09%), Candida guilliermondii (9.09%) và Trichosporon cutaneum (18.18%). Conclusion: Dermatophytes was the most prevalent cutaneous fungal infection (90.61%), followed by yeasts (7.74%) and then nondermatophytes moulds (1.65%). As the causative dermatophytes species, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated pathogen (58.01%). T.rubrum and T.mentagrophytes were isolated from all the dermatophytosis clinical types. Candida sp and Trichosporon cutaneum were etiological agent of paronychia - onychomycosis.