No abstract

In hydraulic fracturing technology, Mini-Fracture Tests (MFTs) which are also known as Diagnostic Fracture Injection Tests (DFITs) have been utilized as an efficient technique to ascertain matrix permeability and closure pressure in petroleum reservoirs. An initial fracture, in Mini-Fracture Tests, is formed by injection of fluid until formation breaks down and the fracture propagates a small remoteness into the reservoir. After shut-in of the injection, the pressure decline is recorded. From the falloff data, the effective permeability of the formation can be estimated by Nolte's G-function, log-log plot, or square root of time analysis. In this paper, case studies are considered by consistently applying analysis method from the G-function, its derivatives, and its relationship to other diagnostic techniques including square-root(time) and log(p wf) − log(t) plots and their appropriate diagnostic derivatives. By analyzing the obtaining results, the commonly applied G-function method yielded approximations of permeability over an order of magnitude higher than the simulated matrix permeability. Errors of permeability which are taken from the G-function and Square Root Time are higher than actual matrix permeability taken from After Closure Analysis.

The Keap1 protein (Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1) and the Nrf2 transcription factor (NF-E2-related factor 2) are important systems for maintaining homeostasis, redox, and metabolism. Based on the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, the antioxidative mechanism of P. amarus extract (PAE) was predicted. In this paper, we evaluated the protective effects of PAE on the oxidative toxicity induced by sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in zebrafish larvae. We first determined that the LC50 values for NaAsO2, H2O2, and PAE at 3.5 days postfertilization (dpf) were 1 mM, 3 mM, and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Then, to assess the antioxidant effects of P. amarus, 3.5 dpf zebrafish larvae were pretreated with PAE at concentrations of 0, 50, 75, and 100 μg/ml for 12 h, and then the PAE solution was replaced with 1 mM NaAsO2 or 3 mM H2O2 to assess challenge survival within 48 h. Interestingly, all three concentrations, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL PAE, increased the survival rate of zebrafish larvae compared to those larvae exposed to only 1 mM NaAsO2. Similarly, PAE at concentrations of 75 and 100 μg/mL protected zebrafish larvae after exposure to 3 mM H2O2. Real-time qPCR analysis was performed after 3.5 dpf zebrafish larvae were exposed to 100 μg/mL PAE for 12 h to verify whether the increasing antioxidative activity is depended on the Nrf2 pathway. The expression of the Nrf2 target genes glutathione-S-transferase Pi 1 (gstp1) and peroxidase 1 (prdx1) was assessed using real-time qPCR. However, the expression of this gene was not significantly different between control larvae and PAE-treated larvae. Thus, PAE induces antioxidant activity in zebrafish in a Keap1/Nrf2-independent manner.