The findings support theories describing how underlying gender and power imbalance are fundamental causes of IPV and indicate the need for context-specific interventions.

This study aims to develop a research framework to investigate the factors affecting organizational commitment among employees who are working in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) enterprises in Vietnam. The authors designed an online survey distributed to employees in FDI enterprises, collecting the data from 312 employees. All scales in this study are adopted from previous studies; tools employed include Cronbach's Alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to examine the internal consistency, reliability, dimensionality, and validity of each variable. Then, the structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilized in order to estimate path correlations between variables. Results indicate that the leadership style has the strongest effect on organizational commitment, followed by job satisfaction and working performance. Moreover, working performance and job satisfaction are also influenced by leadership style. However, there is no statistical evidence to show that job satisfaction has an impact on working performance. In addition, bootstrapping method is used to show the indirect effect of variables; results reveal that leadership style, though, does not have indirect effect on working performance via job satisfaction, but it indirectly affects organizational commitment throughout working performance. In other words, the study finds that working performance mediates the link between leadership style and organizational commitment.

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One of the most common programming errors is the use of a variable before its definition. This undefined value may produce incorrect results, memory violations, unpredictable behaviors and program failure. To detect this kind of error, two approaches can be used: compile-time analysis and run-time checking. However, compile-time analysis is far from perfect because of complicated data and control flows as well as arrays with non-linear, indirection subscripts, etc. On the other hand, dynamic checking, although supported by hardware and compiler techniques, is costly due to heavy code instrumentation while information available at compile-time is not taken into account. This paper presents a combination of an efficient compile-time analysis and a source code instrumentation for run-time checking. All kinds of variables are checked by PIPS, a Fortran research compiler for program analyses, transformation, parallelization and verification. Uninitialized array elements are detected by using imported array region, an efficient inter-procedural array data flow analysis. If exact array regions cannot be computed and compile-time information is not sufficient, array elements are initialized to a special value and their utilization is accompanied by a value test to assert the legality of the access. In comparison to the dynamic instrumentation, our method greatly reduces the number of variables to be initialized and to be checked. Code instrumentation is only needed for some array sections, not for the whole array. Tests are generated as early as possible. In addition, programs can be proved to be free from used-before-set errors statically at compile-time or, on the contrary, have real undefined errors. Experiments on SPEC95 CFP show encouraging results on analysis cost and run-time overheads.

PURPOSE: This study aims to clarify the effect mechanism of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention. The results of how subjective norms contribute to forming start-up intention are inconsistent and unclear, which is notable in previous research. By integrating the theory of planned behavior and the theory of self-efficacy, we investigate whether entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship serially mediate the relationship between subjective norms and intention to start a business. In addition, this study examines the moderate role of entrepreneurial education on the serial indirect effect of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention via entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship. METHODOLOGY: This study utilized a sample of 958 master’s students in Vietnam to investigate a moderated-serial mediation model of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to check the reliability and validity of the scales. Then, the SPSS PROCESS macro developed by Hayes was employed to test the research model. Specifically, Model 6 was used to examine the serial indirect effect of subjective norms on start-up intention and Model 84 was implemented to investigate the moderate effect of entrepreneurial education. FINDINGS: The results of this study found that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude significantly mediate subjective norms’ effect on entrepreneurial intention. Especially, the results reveal that the serial mediation effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship was significant and entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude toward entrepreneurship played a fully mediating role in the relationship between subjective norms and start-up intention. In addition, this study found that the serial mediation effect of subjective norms on start-up intention via entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude was negatively moderated by entrepreneurial education. IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study further clarify the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention and the role of entrepreneurial education, therefore, contributing to narrowing the notable gap between this relationship. Besides, our study provides several implications for governments and policymakers to promote the intention to start a business. The finding of our study indicates that subjective norms are an important factor in promoting entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, policymakers should take some actions to promote entrepreneurial culture, such as strengthening propaganda activities to promote the image of successful entrepreneurs, praising businesses and entrepreneurs who contribute to society, and giving evidence of their contribution to the development of the country. Promoting an entrepreneurial culture may increase peer group pressure on potential entrepreneurs, thus enhancing the intention to start a business. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This study expects to contribute to a better understanding of the effect mechanism of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention and explain the role of entrepreneurial education in this relationship. This study explores the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude in the relationship between subjective norms and the intention to start a business. Additionally, this study demonstrates that entrepreneurial education weakens the serial mediation model of subjective norms on the intention to start a business.