Insecticides are unavoidable in pest management programs especially when the pest crosses Econimic Threshold Level (ETL). Nevertheless, often the plant protection products kill the natural enemy population making the pest to resurge and thus demanding more sprays. Therefore, insecticides used in IPM programs should be selective enough to spare the beneficials. Laboratory studies were conducted to find out the toxicity of imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the eggs, larvae and adults of Chrysoperla carnea. Imidacloprid at the recommended dose of 0.28 ml/l caused 15.38% egg mortality, 26.67 and 33.33% larval mortality by ingestion and contact, respectively and 50.00% adult mortality. The egg mortality was about 15.38% and larval mortality of 23.33% and adult mortality of 26.67% was caused by diafenthiuron. Based on the classification given by IOBC/WPRS working group on Pesticides and non-target invertebrates, both the insecticides were classified as harmless to C. carnea, since the recommended dose caused less than 50% mortality in the laboratory conditions.

In this present work friction stir welding of Al6061-annealed pure copper dissimilar metals with square wave pattern tool pin movementwas investigated.  The aim of this experiment is to identify the significance square wave tool movement on friction stir welding process along with three different tool pin profiles. Different tool pin profiles of square, round and hexaspiral shapes were selected and their significant outcomes were unveiled. Friction stir welding process parameters of 1500 and 2000rpm & tool pin movement step size of 1.0mm and 2.0mm & weaving rate of 100mm/min and 150mm/min were selected. The advantages of tool movement pattern and tool pin profile shape wereexamined by mechanical testing, microstructure analysis. The mechanical results were showed that process parameter of 1500 rpm, 1.0mm step size, weldingrate of 150mm/min and square tool pin profile combination gives better mechanical properties. Micro structural results unveiled achievement of better grain refinement and uniform dispersion of micro constituents by implementation of square wave tool pin movement pattern along with square tool pin profile.The EDAX report confirms that the weld nugget contains both aluminum and copper as equal percentage, which indicates fine mixing of two parent metals.