While South Americans are underrepresented in human genomic diversity studies, Brazil has been a classical model for population genetics studies on admixture. We present the results of the EPIGEN Brazil Initiative, the most comprehensive up-to-date genomic analysis of any Latin-American population. A population-based genomewide analysis of 6,487 individuals was performed in the context of worldwide genomic diversity to elucidate how ancestry, kinship, and inbreeding interact in three populations with different histories from the Northeast (African ancestry: 50%), Southeast, and South (both with European ancestry >70%) of Brazil. We showed that ancestry-positive assortative mating permeated Brazilian history. We traced European ancestry in the Southeast/South to a wider European/Middle Eastern region with respect to the Northeast, where ancestry seems restricted to Iberia. By developing an approximate Bayesian computation framework, we infer more recent European immigration to the Southeast/South than to the Northeast. Also, the observed low Native-American ancestry (6-8%) was mostly introduced in different regions of Brazil soon after the European Conquest. We broadened our understanding of the African diaspora, the major destination of which was Brazil, by revealing that Brazilians display two within-Africa ancestry components: one associated with non-Bantu/western Africans (more evident in the Northeast and African Americans) and one associated with Bantu/eastern Africans (more present in the Southeast/ South). Furthermore, the whole-genome analysis of 30 individuals (42-fold deep coverage) shows that continental admixture rather than local post-Columbian history is the main and complex determinant of the individual amount of deleterious genotypes.Latin America | population genetics | Salvador SCAALA | Bambuí Cohort Study of Ageing | Pelotas Birth Cohort Study L atin Americans, who are classical models of the effects of admixture in human populations (1, 2), remain underrepresented in studies of human genomic diversity, notwithstanding recent studies (3, 4). Indeed, no large genome-wide study on admixed South Americans has been conducted so far. Brazil is the largest and most populous Latin-American country. Its over 200 million inhabitants are the product of post-Columbian admixture between Amerindians, Europeans colonizers or immigrants, and African slaves (1). Interestingly, Brazil was the destiny of nearly 40% of the African diaspora, receiving seven times more slaves than the United States (nearly 4 million vs. 600,000).Here, we present results of the EPIGEN Brazil Initiative (https:// epigen.grude.ufmg.br), the most comprehensive up-to-date genomic analysis of a Latin-American population. We genotyped nearly 2.2 million SNPs in 6,487 admixed individuals from three population-based cohorts from different regions with distinct demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds and sequenced the whole genome of 30 individuals from these populations at an To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: edutars@ic...

The Brazilian population is considered to be highly admixed. The main contributing ancestral populations were European and African, with Amerindians contributing to a lesser extent. The aims of this study were to provide a resource for determining and quantifying individual continental ancestry using the smallest number of SNPs possible, thus allowing for a cost-and timeefficient strategy for genomic ancestry determination. We identified and validated a minimum set of 192 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) for the genetic ancestry determination of Brazilian populations. These markers were selected on the basis of their distribution throughout the human genome, and their capacity of being genotyped on widely available commercial platforms. We analyzed genotyping data from 6487 individuals belonging to three Brazilian cohorts. Estimates of individual admixture using this 192 AIM panels were highly correlated with estimates using~370 000 genome-wide SNPs: 91%, 92%, and 74% of, respectively, African, European, and Native American ancestry components. Besides that, 192 AIMs are well distributed among populations from these ancestral continents, allowing greater freedom in future studies with this panel regarding the choice of reference populations. We also observed that genetic ancestry inferred by AIMs provides similar association results to the one obtained using ancestry inferred by genomic data (370 K SNPs) in a simple regression model with rs1426654, related to skin pigmentation, genotypes as dependent variable. In conclusion, these markers can be used to identify and accurately quantify ancestry of Latin Americans or US Hispanics/Latino individuals, in particular in the context of fine-mapping strategies that require the quantification of continental ancestry in thousands of individuals.

Este artigo resume o aprofundamento de uma pesquisa no âmbito educacional, analisando o impacto da gamificação atrelada a um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA). Teve como objetivo geral, investigar os benefícios e desafios das estratégias de gamificação, visando medir o engajamento de estudantes pelo aprendizado. Foi desenvolvida uma oficina dividida em 5 fases de exercícios que abordam a própria gamificação como objeto de estudo, utilizando seus próprios métodos, causando uma função metalinguística que é autoexplicativa. Nos resultados da pesquisa foram apresentados alguns dados relevantes sobre os comportamentos que a gamificação causou nos indivíduos que participaram da oficina.