This work presents an investigation of solvent extraction parameters in order to obtain high purity cerium from a mixture containing other rare earths elements, as an alternative to oxidation and selective precipitation or dissolution. The study was carried out using a sample of sulfuric liquor obtained from the leaching of monazite rich in light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) provided by INB (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A.). Experiments were carried out in chloridric, nitric and sulfuric media. The nitric and hydrochloric solutions were prepared by precipitation of the REE from the sulfuric liquor as rare earths oxalate, calcining the precipitate and dissolving it with nitric or hydrochloric acid. The separation of cerium was investigated in its trivalent and tetravalent forms. The parameters investigated were: type and concentration of extractant, type and amount of the oxidizing agent, liquor acidity, and volumetric ratio between organic and aqueous phases. The preference of the organic phase to extract cerium in its oxidized form (IV) over the other rare earths elements was confirmed, allowing the obtainment of a high purity cerium solution. The best results were achieved in nitric medium, with cerium in its tetravalent form, using cationic extractants (P507 or D2EHPA) and a mixture of potassium persulfate and silver chloride as oxidizing agents, yielding over 99% of cerium extraction with over 99% of purity.
ResumoA necessidade de treinamento é uma realidade nas indústrias. A qualificação de operadores é importante para garantir segurança e prevenir perdas econômicas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver e avaliar um simulador de treinamento de operador. O estudo de caso é um moinho vertical, comumente utilizado na indústria de cimento. Nessa direção, passou-se pela construção de um supervisório, pela modelagem e simulação dinâmica de um moinho vertical e, por fim, pela elaboração e execução de um treinamento. Para tal, foram construídos três cenários de situações anormais, além da consideração da operação normal. Ainda em relação à metodologia, treinaram-se dois grupos de alunos com métodos distintos de ensino: o primeiro recebeu apenas um treinamento teórico, através de uma apresentação multimídia; e o segundo, após esse treinamento teórico, recebeu um treinamento prático, ou seja, do tipo aprender fazendo, a partir do contato direto com o simulador de processos. De modo geral, percebeu-se que o contato com a prática possibilitou um maior entendimento da operação do moinho vertical, do grau de dependência entre as variáveis de entrada e de saída, e das variáveis utilizadas para a recuperação do processo à operação normal, contribuindo ainda para uma maior fixação do conhecimento teórico. Esse trabalho é resultado de uma parceria Universidade-Empresa, cujas atividades foram desenvolvidas por um grupo de alunos de graduação em Engenharia Química. Palavras-chave: OTS (Operator Training Simulator); Moinho vertical; Simulação dinâmica; Treinamento de operador. DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN OTS SYSTEM FOR VERTICAL GRIND AbstractThe need for training is a reality in industries: adequate qualification for operators prevents security breaches, financial losses and is necessary whenever an operator performs a new role. In the cement industry, especially in milling stages, seeking a higher productivity and a lower operation cost is directly related to well-trained operators. In this context, this paper aims to develop an Operator Training Simulator (OTS) based on a case study of vertical mills for cement industries. By associating supervisory screens and a dynamic simulation of the vertical mill, it was possible to develop an effective simulator that covers theoretical and practical knowledge to train operators in abnormal operation situations. Comparing two training methods, one with just theoretical classes and another with both theoretical classes and practical knowledge acquired by means of the simulator, using an OTS resulted in better prepared operators. These operators felt more confident to make decisions in abnormal and risky situations, which increases productivity and decreases operation costs. This paper is a result of a University-Enterprise partnership and it as made by graduation students of the Chemical Engineer course.
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