RÉSUMÉ Face aux difficultés d'accès à l'énergie et de gestion des déchets issus de la transformation des noix d'anacarde au Bénin, les coques stockées dans les usines de transformation sont directement utilisées comme combustibles. Elles sont ainsi brûlées dans des fours

Increasing levels of climatic warming are expected to affect the global development of energy consumption. The cooling degree day (CDD) is one of the climate-driven indices that captures the impact of climate on energy demand. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal trends of CDD in relation to a changing climate and economy in West Africa and its main implications. Hence, in order to analyze how energy demand could evolve, this study aims to assess the changes in CDD under 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 °C global warming levels (GWLs), with and without population exposure and trends under the two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for West Africa. A climate-reflective base temperature (T-base) is used and was determined using a piecewise linear regression method. Seasonal electricity consumption was derived using a decomposition feature. An ensemble of seven Global Climate Models (GCMs) were used for the future temperature projections. The future population was based on shared socioeconomic pathway outputs. Based on the analysis, the reported average T-base for the West African region is 24 °C. An increasing CDD trend was identified in all of the RCP scenarios, but is more pronounced in RCP8.5. RCP8.5 departs from the mean historical period of approximately 20% by 2100 with the standardized value. The same trend is observed under different GWLs as the warming level increased and was most striking in the Sahelian zone. Population exposure to CDD (labelled CDDP) increases with warming levels, but is more pronounced in highly agglomerated areas. The CDDP index best captures the spatial representation of areas with high cooling demand potential with respect to the demographic distribution. This study can serve to inform better energy demand assessment scenarios and supply planning against the backdrop of changing climate conditions in West Africa.

In order to improve consideration of need and use in Benin, scenario concept developed and used in the design of IT systems was transformed for the specific context of local design of small scale agricultural and food processing equipment. Four scenarios were proposed. They aim to create interaction between designers and users in order to foster a shared understanding of both the problem and the solutions. The proposed scenarios are objects that act as user interfaces.

Fossil fuels are the primary sources of energy used in the world. They are polluting and detrimental to the environment. To meet this challenge, renewable energies with a better environmental footprint and that are inexhaustible have been developed. This is the case with biochar, an intriguing alternative to the unsustainable use of traditional energy (firewood, charcoal, and natural gas) in developing nations. Biochar is a clean and sustainable energy source. Unfortunately, this technology needs to be used more in Benin. In order to understand the low level of use of biochar in Benin, this research was carried out. A semi-directive survey of Benins biochar producers and consumers was conducted as the first step in the approach used to identify and analyze the factors that influence the adoption of biochar. The purposive sampling technique was used to select three towns in Benin republic with large populations and where biochar factories are located (Porto-Novo, Cotonou, and Abomey-Calavi). In the second step, the manufacturing process of biochars was analyzed. The findings showed that 56% of surveyed households had adopted biochar compared to 44% who had not. Low ignition and combustion, crumbling, and late delivery of biochars are factors in the need for more adoption. The reasons for the non-adoption are low ignition and combustion, crumbling, and late delivery of biochars.