Objective: To develop an assessment tool for the prediction of postpartum blood loss over 300 mL and 500 mL after vaginal delivery. Methods: A retrospective case-control study of 504 (72 cases: 432 controls) pregnant women with gestational age of 28 weeks or above who underwent vaginal delivery at Chiang Rai Regional Hospital between 1 st October 2015 and 30 th September 2016 was conducted. The predictors were selected using "Sign OK" selection. The risk scoring system was developed according to the seven steps of clinical prediction model development of Steyerberg. Results: This form included eight predictors: maternal age of 35 years old or above, gestational age over 40 weeks, being nulliparous, history of curettage in prior pregnancy, gestational hypertensive disorder, hemoglobin level equal to or less than 10 g/dL, fundal height of 38 centimeters or above, and the use of pethidine for pain relief in the 1st stage of labor. The sensitivity of predicting postpartum blood loss over 300 mL after vaginal delivery by the risk scoring system was 80.7%, specificity of 60.8%, and the ROC curve was equal to 0.71 at the optimal cutoff score of four points or above. To predict the postpartum blood loss of 500 mL or above after vaginal delivery, the sensitivity was 88.1%, specificity of 54.6%, and the ROC curve was equal to 0.71 at the optimal cutoff score of three points or above. Conclusion: This form had an acceptable performance in predicting postpartum blood loss over 300 mL and 500 mL at the optimal cutoff scores of four points or above and three points or above, respectively.

Background Previous studies have shown the association between Campylobacter species infection and that environmental factors, poor oral hygiene in particular, are linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer (EC). However, no study has reported on these factors in Thailand. Thus, this study’s objective was to evaluate the impact of the relationship between Campylobacter infection and environmental factors on EC incidence in the population of Thailand. Methods Data from a case–control study were collected from 105 newly diagnosed EC cases and 105 controls recruited from 2007 to 2017. Infection with Campylobacter spp. was detected in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of EC taken from gastroesophageal biopsy specimens obtained from the participants, and evaluated using TaqMan® real-time PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and perform data analysis. Results Smoking, alcohol use, a family history of cancer, history of gastroesophageal reflux disease, poor oral hygiene and Campylobacter spp. infection were shown to be significant risk factors for EC (p  <  0.05). The combination of poor oral hygiene and infection with Campylobacter spp. constituted significant risk for EC (p  <  0.001). In addition, the risk of EC in subjects co-infected with C. rectus and C. concisus that practiced poor oral hygiene was even higher and was significant (ORadj  =  4.7; 95% CI 2.41–9.98; p  =  0.003). Conclusions In Thailand, the major risk factors for EC are smoking status, alcohol drinking, family history of cancer, GERD, poor oral hygiene and Campylobacter spp. infection. This study found Campylobacter spp. prevalence to be associated with EC and appears to be enhanced by poor oral hygiene, suggesting that a combination of poor oral hygiene and Campylobacter species infection may together act as an important etiological risk factor for EC.

DNA methylation can regulate the expression of tumour suppressor genes P16 and TP53, environmental factors, which are both important factors related to an increased risk and prognosis of oesophageal cancer (EC). However, the association between these two genes methylation status, as well as the effects of gene-environment interactions, EC risk remains unclear. A Hospital-based case–control study data were collected from 105 new EC cases and 108 controls. Promoter methylation status was investigated for P16 and TP53 genes using methylation-specific polymerase (MSP) chain reaction methods with SYBR green. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to analyse the association of P16 and TP53 promotor methylation status with EC risk and prognosis, respectively. Our results suggest P16, TP53 methylation significantly increased the risk of EC (OR = 5.24, 95% CI: 2.57–10.66, P < 0.001; OR = 3.38, 95% CI: 1.17–6.67, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, P16 and TP53 promoter methylation status and the combined effects between environmental factors and its methylations in tissue were correlated with the EC risk and prognosis of EC patients. As a new biomarker, the methylation of P16 and TP53 can serve as a potential predictive biomarker of EC.

Salmonellosis is caused by a thousand serotypes of Salmonella enterica. The sour taste inherent to Nham leads people believe that this fermented ground pork dish is safe from pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, serotype, drug susceptibility, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of Salmonella spp. in homemade recipes of Nham. There were 52 samples from different Nham makers in 3 northeastern provinces of Thailand collected between August and November 2019. Further, 30 Salmonella isolates (57.7 %) and 14 different serovars were identified: S. Rissen (23.3 %) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Typhimurium (16.7 %), S. Give and S. Virchow (10 % each), and S. Agona and S. Kouka (6.7 % each). All isolates carried AMR genes but 7 (23.3 %) were antibiotic susceptible and 23 (76.7 %) borne a resistance phenotype. The Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline (63 %), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (36.7 %), streptomycin (33.3 %), nalidixic acid (30 %), cefotaxime (16.7 %), and enrofloxacin (3.3 %). Among the 23 AMR genes in our analysis, there were gyrB (100 %), tetA (93.3 %), aadA (93.3 %), sul1, sul2, sul3 (23.3 - 33.3 %), dfrA12 (16.7 %), qnrS, (6.7 %), and mcr6 (6.7 %). Two strains had the mcr6 gene but were susceptible to colistin. Our findings suggest that naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria in the Nham products are insufficient to inhibit Salmonella contamination of this pork-based food. HIGHLIGHTS Highly presence of Salmonella in fermented ground pork (Nham) All identified Salmonella isolates in the Nham have AMR genes A few Salmonella isolates carry AMR genes but are antibiotic susceptible Two Salmonella isolates contain the mcr6 gene but are susceptible to colistin

DNA methylation can regulate the expression of tumour suppressor genes P16 and TP53, environmental factors, which are both important factors related to an increased risk and prognosis of oesophageal cancer (EC). However, the association between these two genes methylation status, as well as the effects of gene-environment interactions, EC risk remains unclear. A Hospital-based case-control study data were collected from 105 new EC cases and 108 controls. Promoter methylation status was investigated for P16 and TP53 genes using methylation-specific polymerase (MSP) chain reaction methods with SYBR green. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to analyse the association of P16 and TP53 promotor methylation status with EC risk and prognosis, respectively. Our results suggest P16, TP53 methylation significantly increased the risk of EC (OR = 5.24, 95 % CI: 2.57–10.66, P < 0.001; OR = 3.38, 95% CI: 1.17–6.67, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, P16 and TP53 promoter methylation status and the combined effects between environmental factors and its methylations in tissue were correlated with the EC risk and prognosis of EC patients. As a new biomarker, the methylation of P16 and TP53 can serve as a potential predictive biomarker of EC.