The aim of this research is to establish clear concepts for working with standards (e.g. ISO) in the context of connected factory. When machines or other output devices need to communicate with each other, e.g., to autonomously perform processes in manufacturing processes, all the necessary information must be accessible to them. Today, however, the required information is documented in standards that are only available in PDF or even paper form. Thus, a prerequisite for using information from standards is that these are automatically provided in output devices. A deeper look leads to three levels of maturity for using standard information in output devices: machine-readable, machine-actionable and machine-interpretable. Starting from a clear definition of these terms an approach is developed to implement machine-actionable standards. It is assumed that not all standards are suitable for machine-actionability and therefore the first step is to classify the standards in order to identify the appropriate standards. The second step describes how information from standards can be modelled to be available in a machine-actionable form. The last step clarifies how the machine-actionable content must be provided afterwards so that they can be used in all output devices with less effort. This research work closes with the validation of the developed approach. possible to transform them into other objects. For example, diagrams can be transformed into tables.As shown in Fig. 4, to classify the objects into three categories, the following rules are used. If there is a large number of objects that have a high proportion of clear definable objects, they are assigned to formal; if they have a medium proportion, they are assigned to semi-formal, and if they have a low proportion, they are assigned to abstract.Definition abstract standard: Standards which are assigned to the class abstract consist mostly of objects which have a low uniqueness, e.g. texts. These are not further considered for machine-actionability. An example of this category is ISO 9001.Definition semi-formal standard: Semi-formal standards are standards that contain information in various forms of representation. They include not only textual components that describe states, output classifications or test procedures, but also information in formal description like tables with values or mathematical formulas. Or however descriptive/explanatory/definitive texts can be converted easily into if/then instructions. Then it is possible to transform semi-formal norms into formal norms.Definition formal standard: Formal standards can be classified as standards whose information has a high degree of clarity, such as formulas or tables with values. As an example, a standard for the description of component sizes (e.g. for flanges) can be mentioned. Formulas can also be used to determine dimensioning variables.

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In order to meet the quality standards required in today's product development process, the designer must be able to draw on the knowledge contained in standards at all times. However, in today's digital work environment, these are usually only available in paper or PDF form. To support the designer during the product development process, a research project examine how knowledge from standards can be made available digitally and integrated into his working environment. This paper presents a concept with a RESTful service as a central knowledge base, which provides knowledge in the form of microservices. The implementation is carried out using welding assemblies as an example. To achieve the high-quality requirements and to implement them, the standard contents had to be prepared in a machine-interpretable and cross system way.

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The automatic detection of engineering drawing modifications made by other designers is central to improving CAD/CAPP working efficiency levels. Engineering drawings include numerous entities, but only a few entities are modified. It is difficult for designers to identify modified entities in a complex drawing. This paper presents a novel means of detecting entities in engineering drawings created by other designers that employs semi-fragile watermark technologies. Modifications will change embedded watermarks. Consequently, detection is realized by analyzing changes. The approach was implemented, and the experimental results demonstrate that the method is reliable and can accurately detect entities that have been modified, deleted and added.