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Root perforations may occur due to pathological processes or treatment consequences. Such perforations are severe complications and are associated with dramatically compromised endodontic treatment outcomes, especially when bacterial infection is allowed to establish. A new material, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), promotes a favorable environment for regeneration and has been successfully used for perforation repair. This is in contrast to previously‐used materials that often led to variable outcomes. Based on the currently‐available literature, the guidelines for perforation repair and treatment options need to be re‐evaluated and usage parameters for MTA need to be optimized.

Root perforations are severe complications and are associated with compromised endodontic treatment outcomes, especially when bacterial infection is allowed to establish. Perforations may occur due to pathological processes or treatment consequences. Various dental materials have been proposed over the years for perforation repair with varying degrees of success. The use of bioactive materials, such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and other calcium-silicate cements, promotes a favourable environment for regeneration and has been used successfully for perforation repair. This is in contrast to materials used previously that often led to unpredictable outcomes. With the increasing range of new bioactive endodontic materials available, the number of potential materials being used for repair of root perforations is growing. Though promising to date, there is little evidence to support the use of most of these new materials. The aim of this narrative review is to provide the background, clinical techniques and outcome of nonsurgical and surgical perforation repair.

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