Scherer. .So/-Gr,I-Sr wni I r/lc P/iy.ws r i n d Cheniis 1ri' of Sol-Ge/-Pror.ersinp. Academic Prcss. Boston. 1990. A. M. Br/o/ouski. U . A r~h i l e~r i i r r -S~n l l~i , / i c C'iin/ro/ iii 7 ' h i i Filnn and Solirly (Ed.: T. Bein) (ACS Symp. Sw. 1992, 499).Thc Iipase was dissolved in water or buffer. centrifuged to remove undissolved solid\. and mixed with aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium fluoride. The ailanes were then added in the order of increasing reactivity. The reaction mixture was thoroughly mixed and shaken until gelation occurred (ca. 1 miii). The gela thus obtained were allowed to stand in sealed vessels for 24 h. tlricd foi-3 d;iys at 37'C. washed with water, acetone. and pentane. dried and ground into il powder. We thank Novo Nordisk AIS (Denmark) for a sample of SP 523 (NOVO) and Amano En/yme Europe Ltd. (England) for PS lipase. Whereas thc commercial enzyme powder combined with the water produced l'rmi tlic rcnction and formed a viscous residue which was difficult to separate, the sol gel immobilized lipase could be recycled without any difficulty. We thank Dr. B. Tesche (Fritz Haber Institut. Berlin) for the scanning electron micrographs. D. Bianchi. P Cesti, E. Battistel. J. Org. Chrm 1988. 53, 5531. .4ccording IO C'esri ct.al [15] the reaction resulted in 95% er. However. it is known th;it the enantioselectivity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can vary for different batchesm of enzyme. The influence of other parameters. for example the use of additives, the stoichiometrq water:silane. the amount of catalyst, and the use of other silane monoinerc :ire presently tinder investigation in our group.p. 405.

Featuring low heat dissipation, devices based on spin-wave logic gates promise to comply with increasing future requirements in information processing. In this work, we present the experimental realization of a majority gate based on the interference of spin waves in an Yttrium-Iron-Garnet-based waveguiding structure. This logic device features a three-input combiner with the logic information encoded in the phase of the spin waves. We show that the phase of the output signal represents the majority of the phase of the input signals. A switching time of about 10 ns in the prototype device provides evidence for the ability of sub-nanosecond data processing in future down-scaled devices.The scaling of conventional CMOS-based nanoelectronics is expected to become increasingly intrinsically limited in the next decade. Therefore, novel beyond-CMOS devices are being actively developed as a complement to expand functionally in future nanoelectronic technology nodes 1 . In particular, the field of magnonics 2-7 (see also reviews 8-12) which utilizes the fundamental excitations of a magnetic system -spin waves 13 and their quanta -magnons 14 as data carriers, provides promising approaches to overcome crucial limitations of CMOS since they may provide ultralow power operation as well as nonvolatility 9,12,15 . Magnonic devices are especially amenable to building majority gates 7,16-19 with excellent scaling potential leading to an improved circuit efficiency. Hence, majority gates can be considered to be key devices in a novel approach to circuit design with strongly improved area and power scaling behavior 20 .Spin waves cover characteristic frequencies in the GHz regime and their wavelength can easily be reduced down to the nanometer range 12,21 . Furthermore, their dispersion relation is highly versatile depending on material parameters as well as magnetization and field configuration 8 making them usable in a wide range of devices [2][3][4][5][6][7]10,[22][23][24][25] . In this context, majority gates are of special interest since a simple spin-wave combiner substitutes several tens of transistors, and three majority gates suffice for creating a full-adder 26 . Multi-frequency operation allows for parallel data processing 27 .In this work, we present the experimental realization and investigation of a prototype of a spin-wave majority gate, whose functionality and performance on the microscopic scale have been investigated in numerical simulations 7,17 . The investigated majority gate has three

BACKGROUND. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities (CCA) were detected in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐negative cells in some patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who attained a cytogenetic response to imatinib mesylate. In some patients, CCA/Ph‐negative status was associated with myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia. The objective of the current study was to determine the prognostic impact of CCA/Ph‐negative cells. METHODS. The authors compared the pretherapeutic risk factors (Kruskall‐Wallis test), exposure to cytotoxic drugs (chi‐square test), and overall and progression‐free survival (Kaplan‐Meyer and logistic regression analysis, respectively) of 515 patients with mostly chronic‐phase CML who were treated with imatinib mesylate after failure of interferon‐α according to whether they attained a major cytogenetic response (MCR) (n = 324 patients), an MCR with CCA/Ph‐negative status (n = 30 patients), or no MCR (n = 161 patients). RESULTS. CCA/Ph‐negative status most frequently involved chromosomes Y, 8, and 7. No significant differences in pretherapeutic risk factors were detected between patients who attained an MCR with and without CCA/Ph‐negative cells, except that exposure to alkylating agents was more frequent in patients with CCA/Ph‐negative cells, and overall and progression‐free survival were identical. With a median follow‐up of 51 months, only 2 patients developed myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). CONCLUSIONS. The overall prognosis for patients who had CML with CCA/Ph‐negative status was good and was driven by the CML response to imatinib mesylate. Isolated CCA/Ph‐negative cells in the absence of morphologic evidence of MDS do not justify a change in therapy. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.

The transcription factor ∆Np63 is a master regulator of epithelial cell identity and essential for the survival of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of lung, head and neck, oesophagus, cervix and skin. Here, we report that the deubiquitylase USP28 stabilizes ∆Np63 and maintains elevated ∆NP63 levels in SCC by counteracting its proteasome‐mediated degradation. Impaired USP28 activity, either genetically or pharmacologically, abrogates the transcriptional identity and suppresses growth and survival of human SCC cells. CRISPR/Cas9‐engineered in vivo mouse models establish that endogenous USP28 is strictly required for both induction and maintenance of lung SCC. Our data strongly suggest that targeting ∆Np63 abundance via inhibition of USP28 is a promising strategy for the treatment of SCC tumours.