The development of electrodes for ambient temperature sodium-ion batteries requires the study of new materials and the understanding of how crystal structure influences properties. In this study, we investigate where sodium locates in two Prussian blue analogues, Fe[Fe(CN)6]1-x·yH2O and FeCo(CN)6. The evolution of the sodium site occupancies, lattice and volume is shown during charge-discharge using in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Sodium insertion is found to occur in these electrodes during cell construction and therefore Fe[Fe(CN)6]1-x·yH2O and FeCo(CN)6 can be used as positive electrodes. NazFeFe(CN)6 electrodes feature higher reversible capacities relative to NazFeCo(CN)6 electrodes which can be associated with a combination of structural factors, for example, a major sodium-containing phase, ∼Na0.5FeFe(CN)6 with sodium locating either at the x = y = z = 0.25 or x = y = 0.25 and z = 0.227(11) sites and an electrochemically inactive sodium-free Fe[Fe(CN)6]1-x·yH2O phase. This study demonstrates that key questions about electrode performance and attributes in sodium-ion batteries can be addressed using time-resolved in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies.

The current Australian and New Zealand Burn Association (ANZBA) recommended Burns First Aid Treatment is place the burn under cool running water for 20 minutes. Wet towels and water spray also have been used frequently. No scientific data exist to compare the effectiveness of these methods of cooling. This study sought to determine experimental evidence for current Burns First Aid Treatment recommendations and the optimal mode of cooling. Four partial-thickness scald burn injuries were induced in 10 piglets each. First aid was then applied for 20 minutes via cool running water, wet towels, or water spray, with no treatment as a control. At day 1 and day 9, biopsies and clinical photographs were assessed in a blinded manner. The control group showed worsening or no change of depth over the course of 9 days. The outcomes with wet towels and water spray were variable. Cool running water consistently demonstrated improvement in wound recovery over the course of 9 days (P < .05). This study demonstrated that cool running water appeared the most effective first aid for an acute scald burn wound in a porcine model compared with wet towels and water spray.

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