ZusammenfassungDer Aufsatz versucht, den offenbaren evolutionären Erfolg segmentärer Differenzierung zu beschreiben und zu erklären. Es wird vorgeschlagen, ihn als Wiedereintritts- und Strukturbildungsfähigkeit der segmentären System-Umwelt- Unterscheidung zu konzipieren. Der Systeminnenseite zugeordnet ist dabei Egalität, der Umwelt dagegen Ungleichheit in Form hierarchischer Unterscheidungen der »Tempel«- und »Palast«-Organisationen Mesopotamiens. Als Fallbeispiel werden segmentäre Systeme des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends Mesopotamiens gewählt. Problemlagen segmentärer Differenzierung werden anhand ethnologischer Begriffe und Befunde schärfer gefasst.
Tayma was one of the most important palm oases of Arabia, at which camel caravans rested and traded their goods. Archaeological excavations in the ancient settlement and new finds demonstrate that the oasis developed at a unique junction of ancient cultures
Zusammenfassung Unterscheidungen setzen Motive an ihren Außenseiten voraus, die nicht von den Beobachtern selbst, aber von deren Beobachtern gesehen werden können. Diese Möglichkeit ist umso wichtiger, wenn nicht nur einzelne Motive, sondern auch einschlägige und vor allem prekäre Motivmuster thematisiert werden. Am Beispiel der mesopotamischen Heldenfigur Gilgameš skizziert der Beitrag einen parasitären Umgang mit Macht, der zwar das Gemeinwohl zur Schau stellt, aber seine Ambitionen verfolgt und durch seine Übergriffe sichtbar, behandelbar und antizipierbar wird. Visuelle Mementos, hier das Ikon des Huwawa, des von Gilgameš getöteten Wächters, fungieren als Symbolisierung dieses Verhaltens und seiner Beobachtbarkeit. So gingen sie als Zeichen von Hybris, Machtmissbrauch und Tabubruch in das kulturelle Gedächtnis Mesopotamiens und der nachfolgenden Welt ein, und zwar erwartungsgemäß auch außerhalb der schriftkundigen Eliten.
Elaborating this theme, my definition of 'space' and borderlines is cognitive rather than architectural, i. e. it does not refer to built environment but to space as a basis for distinctions so that once a distinction is drawn, the spaces, states, or contents on each side of the boundary, being distinct, can be indicated. 4 1 This is a somewhat extended version of a paper given during the 1999 Berlin-Copenhagen seminar. I am thankful to Jakob Dahl, Chiara de Cesari, Hans-Georg Gebel, Hartmut Kühne, Mogens T. Larsen, Bernd Müller-Neuhof, and Hans J. Nissen for helpful comments. Gebhard Selz' and Norman Yoffee's sceptial suggestions via e-mail helped me rethink my original argumentation. Without Emily Schalk's corrections of the original draft my prose would have remained much more opaque than it still is. 2 See e.g. the debate on the so-called "Clinton videos" (Maresch 1998). 3 Baecker 1999-4 Brown 1979:1.
Overviews of social development in early southern Mesopotamia of the third to first millennium BCE, which prominently address the question of state formation, assume a trend toward ever-decreasing functionality of kinship attribution. The article attempts to justify in broad outlines, but by connecting one or the other finding, that this cannot be proven empirically and is theoretically implausible, considering that familiarity as a criterion of kinship was necessary to establish relationships of trust. This trust was the condition for the possibility of patronage and the imposition of power. The article investigates both by trying to find suitable social contexts in the early societies of this region by starting with cosmological designs. As actors of these mutual observations in the medium of power, the argumentation establishes the community and the Big Man, whose outsider position (but communal affiliation) it describes as parasitism. In terms of difference theory, the usual tendency to overlook the constitutive oscillation between communal participation and familial representation in these social systems by presupposing a concept of unity, such as a state, are thus shown to be misguided.
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