Summary There is substantial heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, evident in the spectrum of molecular abnormalities and its variable clinical course. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we present a comprehensive molecular analysis of 333 primary prostate carcinomas. Our results revealed a molecular taxonomy in which 74% of these tumors fell into one of seven subtypes defined by specific gene fusions (ERG, ETV1/4, FLI1) or mutations (SPOP, FOXA1, IDH1). Epigenetic profiles showed substantial heterogeneity, including an IDH1-mutant subset with a methylator phenotype. Androgen receptor (AR) activity varied widely and in a subtype-specific manner with SPOP and FOXA1 mutant tumors having the highest levels of AR-induced transcripts. 25% of the prostate cancers had a presumed actionable lesion in the PI3K or MAPK signaling pathways, and DNA repair genes were inactivated in 19%. Our analysis reveals molecular heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, as well as potentially actionable molecular defects.
SUMMARY We describe the landscape of genomic alterations in cutaneous melanomas through DNA, RNA, and protein-based analysis of 333 primary and/or metastatic melanomas from 331 patients. We establish a framework for genomic classification into one of four subtypes based on the pattern of the most prevalent significantly mutated genes: mutant BRAF, mutant RAS, mutant NF1, and Triple-WT (wild-type). Integrative analysis reveals enrichment of KIT mutations and focal amplifications and complex structural rearrangements as a feature of the Triple-WT subtype. We found no significant outcome correlation with genomic classification, but samples assigned a transcriptomic subclass enriched for immune gene expression associated with lymphocyte infiltrate on pathology review and high LCK protein expression, a T cell marker, were associated with improved patient survival. This clinicopathological and multidimensional analysis suggests that the prognosis of melanoma patients with regional metastases is influenced by tumor stroma immunobiology, offering insights to further personalize therapeutic decision-making.
Adenosine kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to AMP and hence is a potentially important regulator of extracellular adenosine concentrations. Despite extensive characterization of the kinetic properties of the enzyme, its primary structure has never been elucidated. Full-length cDNA clones encoding catalytically active adenosine kinase were obtained from lymphocyte, placental, and liver cDNA libraries. Corresponding mRNA species of 1.3 and 1.8 kb were noted on Northern blots of all tissues examined and were attributable to alternative polyadenylylation sites at the 3' end of the gene. The encoding protein consists of 345 amino acids with a calculated molecular size of 38.7 kDa and does not contain any sequence similarities to other wellcharacterized mammalian nucleoside kinases, setting it apart from this family of structurally and functionally related proteins. In contrast, two regions were identified with significant sequence identity to microbial ribokinase and fructokinases and a bacterial inosine/guanosine kinase. Thus, adenosine kinase is a structurally distinct mammalian nucleoside kinase that appears to be akin to sugar kinases of microbial origin.Adenosine kinase (AK; ATP:adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.20) is an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues that catalyzes the transfer of the y-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thereby serving as a potentially important regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has widespread effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems (1) and it has been postulated that inhibitors of AK could play an important pharmacologic role in increasing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as antiinflammatory agents (2, 3). In addition, this enzyme is responsible for the phosphorylation and consequent clinical activity of several therapeutically useful nucleosides, including the antiviral drug ribavirin and the immunosuppressive drug mizoribine (4, 5). AK has been purified from a number of sources including rabbit liver (6), human placenta (7) and liver (5), murine leukemia cells (8), and Leischmania donovani (9) RNA was purified by the acid guanidine isothiocyanate procedure (1 1).AK Purification. AK was purified from the human Tlymphoblast cell line Molt-4 by a modification of the procedure previously described (7). Cytosol was passed over a 5'-AMPSepharose column equilibrated with 20 mM imidazole HCl, pH 7.6, containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 1 mM EGTA. The column was eluted with buffer containing 5 mM adenosine and the peak fractions were pooled in 20% (vol/vol) glycerol. Several 2-ml fractions were loaded onto a Superose 12 column (50 x 1.6 cm) previously equilibrated with 50 mM imidazolevHCl, pH 7.2/50 mM KCI/5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT)/1 mM ATP/1 mM MgCl2/5% glycerol. Fractions containing AK activity, assayed as described (7), were pooled, diluted into buffer containing 1 mM PMSF, and applied to a DE52 column. Fractions we...
Clinical studies of (90)Y-clivatuzumab tetraxetan combined with low-dose gemcitabine appear feasible in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients beyond 2nd line and a Phase III trial of this combination is now underway in this setting.
Deoxycytidine kinase (NTP:deoxycytidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.74) is an enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of deoxyribonucleosides and a number of nucleoside analogs that are important in antiviral and cancer chemotherapy. Deficiency of this enzyme activity is associated with resistance to these agents, whereas increased enzyme activity is associated with increased activation of such compounds to cytotoxic nucleoside triphosphate derivatives. To characterize the regulation of expression of this gene, we have isolated genomic clones encompassing its entire coding and 5' flanking regions and delineated all the exon/intron boundaries. The gene extends over more than 34 kilobases on chromosome 4 and the coding region is composed of 7 exons ranging in size from 90 to 1544 base pairs (bp). The 5' flanking region is highly G+C-rich and contains four regions that are potential Spl binding sites. A 697-bp fragment encompassing 386 bp of 5' upstream region, the 250-bp frst exon, and 61 bp of the first intron was demonstrated to promote chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in a T-lymphoblast cell line and to have >6-fold greater activity in a Jurkat T-lymphoblast than in a Raji B-lymphoblast cell line. Our data suggest that these 5' sequences may contain elements that are important for the tissue-specific differences in deoxycytidine kinase expression.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations鈥揷itations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright 漏 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 馃挋 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.