To test the hypothesis that acculturation influences MMPI performance of Native Americans, a 32-item instrument was developed to measure five components of acculturation. The MMPI-168 and the acculturation instrument were administered to 69 Rosebud Sioux. Significant elevations occurred on F and Scales 4, 6, 8, and 9. Intercorrelations among the acculturation subscales suggested a common dimension underlying social, language, and blood quantum, with values and education/occupation being relatively independent. The social, values, and language subscales were significantly related to validity scales L and F. A preponderance of significant correlations were obtained between values, language, and education/ occupation, and MMPI-168 clinical Scales 2, 4, 7, 8, and 0. These results suggest that caution be used in interpreting the MMPI profiles of Native Americans.

Summary:Second solid tumors are well known late complications after bone marrow transplantation. Treatment strategies are ill defined. We retrospectively evaluated treatment and outcome in a single institution. From August 1974 to July 1996, six solid tumors were observed in five of 387 patients 2 to 13 years after BMT, corresponding to a probability of developing a second solid tumor of 9% (1-17%, 95 CI) at 15 years: these comprised endometrial carcinoma, carcinoma of the thyroid gland, cervical carcinoma, sarcoma of the small intestine, osteosarcoma of the tibia and ovarian carcinoma. All five patients were treated as intensively as they would be without a history of BMT. At last follow-up four of the five patients were alive and without signs of tumor. We postulate that second solid tumors after BMT should be treated as de novo tumors. Early detection based on consequent clinical follow-up of the transplant patients might explain the relatively good outcome. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 895-898. Keywords: bone marrow transplantation; second solid tumor; treatment; outcome Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for many hematological disorders of the bone marrow. 1,2 With improvements in the results, the number of long-term survivors increases continuously. Therefore, late complications have become a concern. 3,4 Among these, three types of malignancies have been described: post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, secondary leukemias and second solid tumors. Lymphoproliferative diseases are mainly observed early post transplant during immunosuppressive therapy, secondary leukemias occur 3-5 years post transplant and second solid tumors appear mostly 5 or more years post transplant. [5][6][7] The risk of long-term survivors for developing a second tumor at 15 years after transplantation is as high as 21%. plantation. 9,10 In contrast, few data exist about treatment of second solid tumors and prognosis is considered to be poor. Here, we present the outcome of five patients who have been appropriately treated for their second solid tumor. Patients and methods Study designAll consecutive recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, treated between August 1974 and July 1996 in Basel, were included in this retrospective cohort study. All charts were reviewed for evidence of second solid tumors, details of the tumor, treatment and outcome. Patient population and transplant regimensThree hundred and eighty-seven patients were transplanted with a median age at transplantation of 26 years (range 1-58 years); 55% of the patients were male. One hundred and fifteen patients (30%) were treated for acute myeloid leukemia, 88 (23%) for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 91 (24%) for chronic myeloid leukemia, 50 (13%) for severe aplastic anemia and 43 patients (10%) for other hematological diseases. Donors were HLA-identical siblings (91%), matched unrelated (4%), twins (4%) and mismatched related (1%). Median follow-up was 7 years (range 1.5-23).Patient care remained rela...

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All human languages are characterised by inherent synchronic variability (Hudson, Cognitive Linguistics 8: 73–108, 1997, English Language and Linguistics 11: 383–405, 2007a) and are subject to change over time. Consequently, due to this central role of variation and change, any explanatorily adequate cognitive theory of language should aim to account for both of these phenomena. The present special issue explores how usage-based Construction Grammars can address issues of linguistic variation and change. In particular, focusing on English, we will show how constructionist approaches provide new insights for the study of variation and change in the English language as well as how data from English can help to refine construction grammar theories. This introduction will give a short overview of aspects of constructionist approaches to language which are of relevance to the modelling of linguistic variation and change. In addition to our discussion of the modelling of synchronic and diachronic variation in construction grammar, we provide an overview of the topics addressed by the seven articles in this special issue.

Summary:There is growing evidence for a graft-versus-myeloma effect following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We add to this evidence by reporting complete remission achieved by withdrawal of immunosuppression in a patient with multiple myeloma progressing after HLAidentical sibling peripheral stem cell transplantation. De novo chronic graft-versus-host disease coincided with the anti-myeloma effect and responded to treatment. The patient remains in complete remission 3 years after transplant. Keywords: multiple myeloma; graft-versus-myeloma; graft-versus-leukemia; allogeneic stem cell transplantationThe graft-versus-leukemia effect (GVL) is important in eradicating residual leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Clinical evidence for GVL is found in higher relapse rates after autologous or syngeneic transplants as compared to allogeneic transplants, and in higher relapse rates in patients without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or in recipients of T cell-depleted transplants. 1 Induction of GVL has become an important option for treatment of relapse after allogeneic SCT. 2-4 GVL can be induced by infusion of donor lymphocytes (DLI) and occasionally by rapid tapering of immunosuppression. These immunological interventions, supported occasionally by administration of cytokines (IFN-␣, IL-2) result in significant proportions of complete remissions. 2-5 GVL susceptibility differs among leukemias. Stronger GVL is observed in CML and weaker effects in patients with ALL. 3 High relapse rates of multiple myeloma (MM) after autologous SCT suggest that myeloablative conditioning regimens are incapable of eradicating the disease. Lower relapse rates after allogeneic SCT may be due to additional immunological reactivity of the allograft analogous to the well characterized GVL effect. 6 A graft-versus-myeloma (GVM) effect, is further demonstrated by response to DLI to treat relapsed myeloma after allogeneic SCT 7-13 and this has recently been reviewed. 8 However, data on GVM after withdrawal of immunosuppression are limited. We add to the ongoing discussion by documenting an impressive response to withdrawal of immunosuppression in a patient with multiple myeloma progressing after HLA-identical sibling transplantation. Case reportA 37-year-old female was diagnosed with multiple myeloma IgG lambda, stage IIIA in January 1996. Diagnosis was based on presence of a major gammopathy of 45.7 g/l (normal values for ␥-globulins: 6.2-14.4 g/l), bone marrow infiltration with Ͼ30% atypical plasma cells, multiple osteolytic lesions (skull, humerus, pelvis, shoulder girdle), and trace positive Bence-Jones proteinuria. Hemoglobin was 12.5 g/dl, calcium, creatinine and ␤-2-microglobulin were within normal range. She was treated with three cycles of VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone) with minimal response: 14,15 ␥-globulins decreased to 36.4 g/l, Bence-Jones proteinuria became negative, plasma cell infiltration of more than 30% persisted.On 28 August 1996, she underwent allogeneic peripheral blood stem ...