Adjunctive use of an intraoperative Dex infusion (0.2-0.8 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) decreased fentanyl use, antiemetic therapy, and the length of stay in the PACU. However, it failed to facilitate late recovery (e.g., bowel function) or improve the patients' overall quality of recovery. When used during bariatric surgery, a Dex infusion rate of 0.2 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) is recommended to minimize the risk of adverse cardiovascular side effects.

No abstract

During winter in the Arctic marine ecosystem, diatoms have to survive long periods of darkness caused by low sun elevations and the presence of sea ice covered by snow. To better understand how diatoms survive in the dark, we subjected cultures of the Arctic diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis to a prolonged period of darkness (1 month) and to light resupply. Chaetoceros neogracilis was not able to grow in the dark but cell biovolume remained constant after 1 month in darkness. Rapid resumption of photosynthesis and growth recovery was also found when the cells were transferred back to light at four different light levels ranging from 5 to 154 µmol photon m−2 s−1. This demonstrates the remarkable ability of this species to re-initiate growth over a wide range of irradiances even after a prolonged period in the dark with no apparent lag period or impact on survival. Such recovery was possible because C. neogracilis cells preserved their Chl a content and their light absorption capabilities. Carbon fixation capacity was down-regulated (ninefold dark decrease in PCm) much more than was the photochemistry in PSII (2.3fold dark decrease in ETRm). Rubisco content, which remained unchanged after one month in the dark, was not responsible for the decrease in PCm. The decrease in PSII activity was partially related to the induction of sustained non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) as we observed an increase in diatoxanthin content after one month in the dark.