IntroductionIt is unknown whether resources necessary to implement the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines and sepsis bundles are available in Africa. This self-reported, continent-wide survey compared the availability of these resources between African and high-income countries, and between two African regions (Sub-Sahara Africa vs. South Africa, Mauritius and the Northern African countries).MethodsThe study was conducted as an anonymous questionnaire-based, cross-sectional survey among anaesthesia providers attending a transcontinental congress. Based on the respondents' country of practice, returned questionnaires were grouped into African and high-income countries. The questionnaire contained 74 items and evaluated all material resources required to implement the most recent Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Group comparisons were performed with the Chi2, Fisher's Exact or Mann Whitney U test, as appropriate.ResultsThe overall response rate was 74.3% (318/428). Three-hundred-seven questionnaires were analysed (African countries, n = 263; high-income countries, n = 44). Respondents from African hospitals were less likely to have an emergency room (85.5 vs. 97.7%, P = 0.03) or intensive care unit (73.8 vs. 100%, P < 0.001) than respondents from high-income countries. Drugs, equipment, and disposable materials required to implement the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines or sepsis bundles were less frequently available in African than high-income countries. Of all African and Sub-Saharan African countries, 1.5% (4/263) and 1.2% (3/248) of respondents had the resources available to implement the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines in entirety. The percentage of implementable recommendations was lower in African than in high-income countries (72.6 (57.7 to 87.7)% vs. 100 (100 to 100)%, P < 0.001) and lower in Sub-Saharan African countries than South Africa, Mauritius, and the Northern African countries (72.6 (56.2 to 86.3)% vs. 90.4 (71.2 to 94.5)%, P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe results of this self-reported survey strongly suggest that the most recent Surviving Sepsis guidelines cannot be implemented in Africa, particularly not in Sub-Saharan Africa, due to a shortage of required hospital facilities, equipment, drugs and disposable materials. However, availability of resources to implement the majority of strong Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommendations and the sepsis bundles may allow modification of current sepsis guidelines based on available resources and implementation of a substantial number of life-saving interventions into sepsis care in Africa.
In the MEVIEL¹ project partnership, linguistic insights into multilingualism were adapted for educational and counselling practice, with the aim of improvingeducational opportunities for young migrants in Austria. The project employed ad ynamic concept of multilingualism and regarded the use of more than one languageasaprocess in which experience with language(learning) and competenceconstitutes atwo-way relationship. The inclusion of multilingualism mainlymeant acknowledging,making visible and using the learners' own linguistic repertoires.Résumé : Dans le cadre du partenariat de projet MEVIEL, les connaissanceslinguistiques sur le multilinguisme ont été adaptées àl ap ratique pédagogique et au conseil, en vue d'améliorer l'accès des jeunes migrants àl ' éducation en Autriche.L ep rojet aa ppliquéu nc oncept dynamique du multilinguisme et considéré l'utilisation de plusieurs langues comme un processus où l'expérience de la langue (et de son apprentissage) et les compétences entretiennent une relation bilatérale.L'intégration du multilinguisme asurtout impliqué la reconnaissance, la visibilité et l'utilisation des répertoires langagiers propres auxa pprenants.
1I ntroductionFory ears we have been observing in basic education courses² that participants want to use theirmanylanguages in class. That is whyw etake acritical view of ESF/BMBF:E -1.2-190,h ttp://www.integrationshaus.at/meviel Basic education with youngmigrants in our institutions means working with people aged between 15 and 25 whohad no or onlyinfrequent opportunities to attend school. The aim of these courses is to allow young migrants to catch up on the education they mayhavemissed so they can getanAustrian secondary school leavingcertificate. Forthat reason, in the courses the focus Thomas Laimer (corresponding author), Die Wiener Volkshochschulen, Vienna,A ustria,
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